468 ART INDUSTRY AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS. 



the larger centres of industry, twelve and even twenty or more 

 parallel furnaces are ranged at short distances along the same hill- 

 sides, and not unfrequently one such furnace is used by several 

 manufacturers alternately, like the bake-houses of German villages. 



Although the loss in these low furnaces is not nearly so great 

 as might be thought, the gallery furnaces of Europe, with their 

 stages of fire-boxes and convenient arrangements for determining 

 and regulating the heat, afford extraordinary advantages. That 

 which is accomplished by the Chinese and Japanese by slow 

 empirical processes, often the result of accident, is put to the test 

 with us by the well directed aid of chemistry in the shortest 

 possible time, as is the case in experiments with new materials 

 and combinations, glazes and colours. 



The colours used in Japan for decorating pottery are the same 

 as with us, and are for the most part now imported from Europe. 

 If some of them, however, e.g., the blue of cobalt oxide and the 

 red of iron, appear deeper, brighter, and more effective than with 

 us, this is due in part to the different composition of the ground- 

 work, the manner of applying them, and the heat of burning them 

 in ; but mainly to this fact, that they are longer, more carefully 

 and finely ground, before using. 



The most common vessels in Japanese ceranlics are : Wan, 

 cup ; Cha-wan, tea dish, tea bowl ; Temmoku, large cup ; Choku, 

 small, hemispherical cup for drinking Sake ; Sake-dzuki, flat Sake 

 dish ; Domburi, large, hemispherical or cylindrical bowl ; Hachi, 

 bowl, porringer ; Shiu-ro, brazier for warming the hands ; Midzu- 

 bachi, water basin for gold fish ; Koro, censer ; Hana-ike, flower 

 vase ; Uye-ki-bachi, flower pot ; Tokkuri, flask ; Cha-bin, Cha-dashi, 

 tea-pot ; Kibisho and Kiusu, small teapot of porcelain or stone- 

 ware, with straight hollow handle of the same material placed op- 

 posite the spout ; Do-bin, an earthen teapot, with bamboo or rattan 

 handle ; Kuwashi-ire, sugar bowl, bonbonniere ; Tsubo, ^^^ or urn- 

 shaped covered jar ; Cha-tsubo or Cha-ire, tea caddy or covered 

 jar for preserving tea; Kame, larger Tsubo' ; Tane-tsubo, jar for 

 preserving seeds of different kinds ; Shita-tsuki, saucer ; Sara, plate, 

 dish. 



Artistic pottery also furnishes Oki-mono or knick-knacks of all 

 sorts, birds, cocks and hens, and other animals, human figures, and, 

 above all, hosts of Ningio or dolls. One quarter of Kioto, on the 

 south side toward Fushimi, is especially notable for its large manu- 

 factories of dolls. For building purposes bricks have, during the 

 last twenty years, been added to the long known and used tiles, 

 owing to foreign influence. Their employment is constantly in- 

 creasing, as brick houses are steadily replacing the combustible 

 wooden buildings. 



The chief manufactories of the finer Japanese ceramics, are at 

 Arita, Kioto, Seto, Kanazawa and Hongo for porcelain ; Kagoshi- 

 ma, Kioto and Ota for Faience, and Yokkaichi for stone-ware. I 



