488 ART INDUSTRY AND RELATED OCCUPATIONS. 



exhibits the highest degree of plasticity, so that, in view of the 

 small amount of argillaceous cement, it is hard to believe that a 

 real plastic clay has been employed." And indeed this is not the 

 case. The substance, like the porcelain-stone that yields it, is 

 unique in the porcelain industry. 



For analyses III. and IV., I am indebted to Dr. Sarnow. He 

 remarks of paste III. that it is yellowish grey, tolerably plastic, and 

 that it burned white, and is of nearly the same resistibility to heat 

 as the Berlin pulp. The paste of Kiyomidzu shows the same pro- 

 perties. In chemical composition these three materials approach 

 one another, though the Berlin paste is richer in alumina, and 

 correspondingly more resistible in firing. The porcelains of both 

 districts correspond to the near relationship of the Seto substances 

 to that of Kioto. Analyses VI. and VII. are by Laurent, and 

 were, like IX. taken from Kerl's " Handbuch der Thonwaaren- 

 industrie." The large amount of lime and alkali in the Chinese 

 paste IX. renders the porcelain obtained from it very easy to melt, 

 approaching the English paste for soft porcelain substance. 



9. Enamel Industry. 



The Nature and Varieties of Enamel. — Historical Glance at the 

 Development of the Industry in different Countries. — Character 

 of the CJiinese and fapanese Cloisonne. — Method of Cellular 

 Lacquer-ivork Mamtfacture in fapan on Copper^ Porcelain, and 

 Stone-ware. — Free Enamel. — Composition and Preparatiofi of 

 Japanese Vitreous Colours. 



Literature. 



1. Theophilus Presbiter : "Schedula diversarum artium." Published by 

 H. Hagen in " Ouellenschriften fiir Kunstgeschichte." 7 Band. Wien, 1874. 



2. Popelin : " Uart de I'email." Paris, 1868. 



3. Burty : " Les Emaux cloisonnes." Paris, 1868. 



4. V. Brandt : " Ueber Japanisches email cloisonne." " Mittheil d. deutsch. 

 Ges. Ostasiens." 5 Heft, pp. 1-3, 1874. 



5. Bucher : " Geschichte der technischen Kiinste." Stuttgart, 1875. 



6. J. L. Bowes: " Japanese Enamels." Liverpool, 1884. 



7. G.Audsley: "The Ornamental Arts of Japan." Part IIL London, 

 1885. 



Enamel, Japanese Shippo, is the name given, first, to an easily 

 fusible glass material coloured by a metal oxide, produced princi- 

 pally on metals, less frequently on clay-wares and glass, either as 

 a protecting covering or for mere decoration, second, the article 

 decorated with enamel. Under the first head the base (the ex- 

 cipient) is evenly covered with enamel of one colour, e.g., in modern 

 times many household articles of cast-iron. Such an enamel cor- 

 responds to the glaze of earthenware, from which it is also difficult 

 to distinguish it in the composition and use. 



