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early man did not bring the old world animal with him, his 

 migrations were slow. I believe, moreover, that his slow pro- 

 gress towards civilization was in no small degree due to this 

 same cause, the absence of the Horse. 



It is far from my intention to add to the many theories ex- 

 tant in regard to the early civilizations in this country, and 

 their connections with the primitive inhabitants, or the later 

 Indians, but two or three facts have recently come to my 

 knowledge which I think worth mentioning in this connection. 

 On the Columbia River, I have found evidence of the former 

 existence of inhabitants much superior to the Indians at pres- 

 ent there, and of which no tradition remains. Among many 

 stone carvings which I saw there, were a number of heads 

 which so strongly resemble those of Apes, that the likeness at 

 once suggests itself. Whence came these sculptures, and by 

 whom were they made? Another fact that has interested me 

 very much is the strong resemblance between the skulls of the 

 typical Mound-builders of the Mississippi Valley and those of 

 the Pueblo Indians. I had long been familiar with the former, 

 and when I recently saw the latter, it required the positive 

 assurance of a friend who had himself collected them in New 

 Mexico, to convince me that they were not from the mounds. 

 A third fact, and I leave Man to the Archaeologists, on whose 

 province I am even now trenching. In a large collection of 

 Mound-builders' pottery, over a thousand specimens, which 

 I have recently examined with some care, I found many 

 pieces of elaborate workmanship so nearly like the ancient 

 water-jars from Peru, that no one could fairly doubt that some 

 intercourse had taken place between the widely separated peo- 

 ple that made them. 



The oldest known remains of Man on this continent differ 

 in no important characters from the bones of the typical 

 Indian, although in some minor details they indicate a much 

 more primitive race. These early remains, some of which are 

 true fossils, resemble much more closely the corresponding 

 parts of the highest Old World Apes, than do the latter our 



