AND OF THE MOEE OF APl-^flNG THE MANURE. 491 



expected to produce — turnips 20 tons, barley 36 bushels, clover 2^ tons, 

 wheat 28 bushels ; besides upwards of 4 tons of straw. 



In all these taken together there must be much more food than in the 

 ten tons of hay. 



If we consider the money profit, however, to the farmer, the result 

 may be different. The cost of raising the ten tons of hay, exclusive of 

 rent, may be reckoned at one-half the produce, and of the several crops 

 in the four years' rotation at three-quarters of the produce: we thus 

 have for the clear return — 



In the one case, half the producers tons of hay ; 

 In the other case, a fourth of the produce — 5 tons of turnips, 9 bushels 

 of barley, i t3n of clover, 7 bushels of wheat, and 1 ton of straw. 



Let the clover and the straw together equal in value only one ton of 

 the hay, and the money value in the two cases will stand as follows ; — 

 Hay, 4 tons, at £5, = ^620 



Turnips, 5 tons, at 10s. = <£2 10 

 Barley, 9 bush., at 4s. = 1 16 

 Wheat, 7 bush., at 7s. — 2 9 



6 15 



Leaving a gain upon the grass land of 6£13 5 

 Or, d£3. 6s. an acre every year. 



Thus, though more food is raised by converting the land to arable 

 purposes, and more people may be sustained by it, yet more money 

 may be made by meadowing the land — ivhere a ready market exists 

 for the hay, where it is allowed to be sold off the farm, and where abun- 

 dance of manure can be obtained for the purpose of top-dressing the grass 

 every year. It is only in the neighbourhood of large towns, however, 

 that all these circumstances usually co-exist, and hence one cause of the 

 value of grass land in such localities. 



The farmer, however, is never prohibited from selling his corn off the 

 farm, or his fat stock, or his dairy produce, and thus at a distance from 

 large towns he must turn his attention solely to the raising of one or other 

 of these kinds of produce. 



Of the two ways of employing his grass or green crops — in rearing 

 and fattening cattle, namely, and in the production of butter and cheese 

 — we shall hereafter see reason to believe that theoretically the latter 

 ought both to be the most profitable in money to the farmer, and at the 

 same time to produce the greatest amount of food for man. 



3°. What rotation or course of cropping is adopted? — If the land be 

 cropped with corn, year after year, the produce of food will not only be 

 less than if an alternate husbandry were introduced — but the yearly return 

 of corn, even on the richest land, must sooner or later diminish, till at 

 length the crop will not be sufficient to defray the expense of cultivation. 

 The tillage of such land must then be abandoned, and it must be left to 

 a slow process of natural restoration. JNo arable land will produce so 

 much food if year by year it be made to raise the same crop, as if the 

 crop be varied — and especially as if corn, root, and leguminous crops be 

 made to succeed each other in a skilful alternation. 



Upon the introduction of the alternate husbandry, it was found thai 

 upon lands formerly in pasture, not only could one-third more stock be 



