The Results op Migration 157 



of King Cotton over the Black Belt, and the establishment 

 of a large number of relatively prosperous small farmers 

 in the place of the extensive gang labor system of exploiting 

 the soil. 



But the change in farm life and in relations between 

 tenant and landlord are even more significant. Labor 

 troubles discourage many planters and they sell out or rent 

 their lands. Those who wish to retain laborers and halvers 

 must make concessions. The Report of the Department of 

 Labor noted that the planters who were most successful 

 in holding labor were those who accorded the best treat- 

 ment. The movement seems to emphasize this treatment 

 in the minds of planters and renders them more willing 

 to democratize the plantation. 



Industry. — The most radical change caused by the move- 

 ment since 1916 has been the entry of some 140,000 colored 

 men in industry. These are, to a great extent concentrated 

 in eleven large industrial cities. The cities of Boston, New 

 York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Cincinnati, De- 

 troit, Indianapolis, Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, include 

 about 40 per cent of all Negroes living outside the South. 

 In 1920, 230 plants employed some 115,000 of the 140,000 

 in manufacturing industries. According to industry, colored 

 laborers in the North were distributed about as follows: 

 iron and steel, 40,000; automobile, 25,000; meat packing, 

 15,000; Pullman shops and yards, 15,000; miscellaneous, 

 40,000. 



Management has been only too glad to welcome this 

 addition to the labor supply, and the majority of employ- 

 ment managers interviewed in the spring of 1920 expressed 

 themselves as well pleased with the results obtained with 

 Negro labor. 



Progress in industry has, however, been made almost 

 entirely outside the union, in open shops. 



Unskilled laborers predominate. Some plants have the 

 definite policy of not admitting colored men except in the 



