APPENDIX. 393 



dent or the presumption great; and the privilege of the writ 

 of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in case 

 of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. 



Sec. 13. Excessive bail shall not be required; excessive 

 fines shall not be imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishment 

 inflicted. 



Sec. 14. All penalties shall be proportioned to the nature 

 of the offence. No wise legislature will affix the same punish- 

 ment to the crime of theft, forgery, and the like, which they 

 do to murder and treason. When the same undistinguished 

 severity is exerted against all offences, the people are led to 

 forget the real distinction in the crimes themselves, and to 

 commit the most flagrant, with as little compunction as they 

 do the slightest offences. For the same reasons, a multitude 

 of sanguinary laws are both impolitic and unjust: the true de- 

 sign of all punishments being to reform, not to exterminate, 

 mankind. 



Sec. 15. The person of a debtor, where there is not strono- 

 presumption of fraud, shall not be continued in prison, after 

 delivering up his estate for the benefit of his creditor or credit- 

 ors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. 



Sec. 16. No ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the 

 validity of contracts, shall ever be made; and no conviction 

 shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. 



Sec. 17. That no person shall be liable to be transported 

 out of this state, for any offence committed within the state. 



Sec. 18. That a frequent recurrence to the fundamental 

 principles of civil government, is absolutely necessary to pre- 

 serve the blessings of liberty. 



Sec. 19. That the people have a right to assemble togeth- 

 er, in a peacable manner, to consult for their common good, to 

 instruct their representatives, and to apply to the legislature 

 for a redress of grievances. 



Sec. 20, That the people have a right to bear arms for 

 the defence of themselves and the state: and as standing 

 armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they shall 

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