196 Habit and Instinct. 



of Tony's consciousness is the black poodle in the one 

 case, and that low-bred butcher's cur in the other. That 

 which we call the emotion fills in, I take it, the background 

 of his consciousness, and is generated by a multitude of 

 activity-feelings due to innumerable physiological impulses 

 raining in upon his sensorium from I know not how many 

 muscles, muscle-sheaths, tendons, and articular surfaces, 

 together with visceral impulses raining in from I know not 

 how many glands, involuntary muscles, and organs of the 

 body. Thus, omitting further reference to the representa- 

 tive elements of like nature to the presentative elements, I 

 interpret Professor James's theory. 



Now what is the relation of all this to habit and 

 instinct? Tony's demeanour towards these two dogs is, 

 without question, habitual. Whenever he meets them he 

 goes through the same actions, and behaves in a similar 

 way. But the behaviour towards these particular dogs is, 

 I suppose, the result of experience. What the precise 

 experience was which led the black poodle to call forth one 

 set of activities, and the butcher's cur another, one need 

 not pretend to know. It can scarcely be supposed that 

 Tony came into the world with a congenital tendency to 

 react to poodles and curs of those special types in those 

 special ways, though cases of so-called hereditary anti- 

 pathy, such as that of Dr. Huggins's dog Kepler * to butchers 



* The facts of this case are briefly as follows. Dr. Huggins possessed an 

 English mastiff, Kepler, which was brought to him when it was six weeks 

 old, from the stable in which it was born. The first time Dr. Huggins took 

 the dog out he started back in alarm at the first butcher's shop he had ever 

 seen ; and throughout his life he manifested the strongest and strangest 

 antipathy to butchers and all that pertained to them. On inquiry, Dr. 

 Huggins ascertained that in the father, grandfather, and two half-brothers 

 of Kepler's the same curious antipathy was innate. Of these, Paris, a half- 

 brother, on one occasion, at Hastings, sprang at a gentleman who came into a 

 hotel where his master was staying. The owner caught the dog, and apolo- 

 gized, saying that he had never known him to behave thus before, except 



