THE ANCIENT MAMMALS OF BRITAIN. 315 



bed, although an extinct species occurs in the Upper PHocene 

 of the Continent. In the Red Crag the place of these animals 

 is taken by a huge Carnivore known as the HycEJiarcfi/s, which 

 was in many respects intermediate between Bears and Dogs, 

 the upper molar teeth, as shown in the accompanying cut, 

 being shorter and squarer than those of the former, while the 

 cainassial or flesh-teeth were of a cutting type more like those 

 of the latter. Species of the same genus occur in the Pliocene 

 and Miocene formations of the Continent, as well as in the 

 Indian Pliocene. A Walrus {Trichechus /mxkyi\ apparently 

 identical with the Forest-bed form, as well as two species of 

 Seals, one of which is assigned to an extinct genus i^Phocanella)^ 



Fig. 2. Last upper molar tooth of the IlycEnarctus. 



complete the list of the Carnivores of the Red Ciag ; and it may 

 be added that the occurrence of the former is not out of har- 

 mony with the climatic condition indicated by the Molluscs. 



Neither Oxen, Musk-Ox, Sheep, or Goats are known from 

 the Crag ; but a Gazelle, apparently extinct, from the Norwich 

 Crag is of considerable interest as indicating the probable 

 existence in England at that period of open, more or less 

 desert plains like those frequented by the majority of the exist- 

 ing members of that group. In contrast to this paucity of 

 Hollow-horned Ruminants is the abundance of Stags, which are 

 especially common in the Norwich Crag, and for the most part 

 belong to types unlike any now existing, although Falconer's 

 Deer {C. falconer i) was near akin to the Fallow Deer. Among 



