MANUFACTURES, ETC. 185 



000.000 for wages, and $35,000,000 for raw material, and 

 turning out products worth $66,000,000 annually. The wages* 

 raw material, arid ten per cent, on the capital invested, added 

 together, make $52,000,000, leaving $14,000,000 as annual 

 profit, above a low rate of interest on the money. 



The number of steam engines is 604, with 18,493 horse- 

 power, and of water-wheels, 271, with 6,877 horse-power, or 

 a total of 25,370 horse-power ; and, as each of these is equal 

 to ten men, the machine power considerably exceeds that of 

 the adult male residents of the State. 



The chief manufactured products are : flour, $8,000,000 ; 

 lumber, $6,000,000 ; sugar and machinery, each $4,000,000 ; 

 quartz gold, $3,400,000 ; printed work, $2,200,000 ; cigars, 

 $1,900,000; clothing, $1,800,000; malt liquors, $1,600,000; 

 boots and shoes, $1,500,000 ; iron castings, $1,300,000; car- 

 riages and wagons, $1,300,000; bread and woolen goods, each 

 $1,200,000 ; and harness, quicksilver, and distilled liquors, 

 each $1,000,000. The quartz mills and quicksilver reduction 

 works do not properly come under the head of manufactur- 

 ing establishments, and their production is underestimated. 



More than half of the manufacturing industry of California 

 is in San Francisco, which produces $37,000,000 out of the 

 $66,000,000 of annual product; pays $20,000,000 out of 

 $35,000,000 for raw material, and $7,000,000 out of $13,000,- 

 000 of wages; has $21,000,000 out of $40,000,000 capital, 

 and 1,223 out of 3,984 manufacturing establishments. After 

 San Francisco, in the amount of manufacturing product, are 

 Sacramento, with $4,000,000 ; Santa Clara, with $2,300,000 ; 

 Santa Cruz and Amador, each with $1,600,000 ; Sonoma, with 

 $1,400,000; Yubaand Nevada, each with $1,300,000; Ala- 

 meda, with $1,100,000 ; and Meudocino and San Joaquin, each 

 with $1,000,000. 



136. Wages. There has been a gradual fall in the wages 

 of labor since 1849. For instance, in that year the wages of 

 good carpenters were sixteen dollars per day; in 1851, ten 



