RADISH PESTS— RASPBERRY 



1763 



Turnip Leaf-Miner 



Scaptoniyza flaveola 

 Clip infested leaves and burn. 

 Rape and Tubnips for Cover Crops. 

 See Apple Orchard Cover Crops. 



Raspberry 



The first historic account we have of 

 the raspberry is from the Greeks, who 

 traced its origin to Mount Ida, where it 

 grew wild, and from which fact it re- 

 ceived its name, Rubus idaeus. 



Paladius, a Roman agricultural writer 

 of the fourth century, mentions it as one 

 of the cultivated fruits. From the gar- 

 dens of Southern Europe it has found its 



Black Caps, Showinc Method of Facing 

 the Pack. 



way all over the continent and to the 

 United States. However, in most parts 

 of the United States, the raspberry was 

 found growing wild when the earliest 

 inhabitants settled the country. 



The Soil Best Adapted 



The raspberry will grow on almost any 

 kind of soil, but has its likes and dislikes, 

 and will succeed best on a rich, sandy 

 or clay loam, well drained and well fertil- 

 ized. Yet there are adaptations of va- 

 rieties in relation to soil and climate, 

 which must be studied in order to reach 

 the highest degree of success. 



A sodden soil, one that is sub-irrigated 

 until it is habitually wet, or one where 

 the water stands for any considerable 

 time, is not adapted to raspberries. A 

 heavy coating of barnyard manure will 



always increase the drought-resisting 

 qualities of the soil as well as enrich 

 the land. 



Propagation 



W. L. Howard, of Columbia, Mo., on the 

 propagation of raspberries says: 



"There are three kinds of raspberries, 

 the reds, the blackcaps and a cross 

 (hybrid) between the two. Red raspber- 

 ries are readily propagated by means of 

 the sprouts springing up abundantly 

 from the roots. They may also be prop- 

 agated by means of root cuttings in the 

 manner described for blackberries. Plants 

 of one season's growth are ready to be 

 set in the permanent planting. The rows 

 should be at least four feet apart and the 

 plants three feet apart in the rows. They 

 quickly spread and cover all the ground 

 between the plants, and also between the 

 rows if this space is not kept clear by 

 regular summer cultivation. 



"Blackcap raspberries are propagated 

 entirely by what is known as 'root tips.' 

 The old plants produce long, drooping 

 branches, which bend over and touch the 

 ground and take root at the tips. To take 

 root readily the soil must be cultivated 

 during the summer or else a shovelful of 

 earth must be thrown over the tips of the 

 branches in midsummer. To rapidly in- 

 crease the plants by this method, it is 

 only necessary to pinch out the terminal 

 bud when it begins to show a tendency to 

 take root, which will cause from three to 

 five branches to spring out at or near the 

 end, each of which will soon touch the 

 ground and take root. Of course, these 

 plants will not be as strong as a single 

 one would be without the pinching. 



"The third form of raspberry is often 

 classed with the red raspberries, although 

 it is the result of a cross between the 

 reds and the blackcaps. The fruit is very 

 much like the reds, but in its manner of 

 propagation it is like the blackcaps. The 

 Shaffer (or Shaffer's Colossal) and the 

 Cardinal are the best representatives of 

 this type. All of the plants coming from 

 root tips are formed in the summer and 

 have two or three months in which to 

 grow. The following spring the rooted 



