RASPBERRY PESTS 



1775 



cation should be made just before the 

 canes begin to blossom. If thorough work 

 is done the disease should be controlled. 

 For formula and directions for making, 

 see under Sprays. 



PESTS 



Flat-headeh Apple-tbee Boker. See 

 Apple Pests. 



Leaf Hoppers 



Jassidar 

 A. L. LOVETT 



The leaf hoppers are very small insects 

 belonging to the order Hemiptera, or 

 true bugs. They have the characteristic 

 piercing or sucking mouth parts of this 

 order, and have, in the adult state, wings 

 with which they fly quickly when ap- 

 proached. Where they occur in numbers 

 their presence is usually noted because 

 of their habit of rising in small, quickly 

 disappearing clouds ahead of one as he 

 walks through the field. 



Nature and Extent of Injuries 



The injury to loganberries and black- 

 berries due to leaf hoppers is seldom no- 

 ticed unless severe. Often the injury 

 they cause is charged to other agencies, 

 such as fungus, drouth or frost, and their 

 ranking as a pest is certainly underesti- 

 mated. The foliage first appears speckled, 

 white spots occurring on the upper sur- 

 face of the leaves. Later the foliage 

 becomes a sickly yellow with spots of 

 white and dark green all over the sur- 

 face. An examination of the under sur- 

 face of the leaves at this time reveals 

 the cast skins and a few adult forms. In 

 addition to the injury to the foliage the 

 hoppers often attack the developing 

 flower buds. A bud or flower pierced by 

 the leaf hoppers will not develop normal- 

 ly nor produce a perfect fruit. 



Control Measures 

 Preventiye 



Clean up all leaves and trash in and 

 about the field. Burn any grass in adja- 

 cent fence corners and fields where pos- 

 sible. Plow in the spring where prac- 

 tical. 



Remedial 



Remedial measures to prove most effec- 

 tive must be practiced in the early season 



on the nymphal forms. At this time the 

 hoppers occur principally on the lower 

 leaves, and by using an underspray noz- 

 zle and maintaining a fairly high pres- 

 sure almost any of the contract sprays 

 will control the pest. It must be borne 

 in mind that the spray must actually 

 wet the insect to prove effective. The 

 adult insects and eggs are not usually 

 killed by the spray and a second or even 

 a third application may be necessary. 



Among the contract sprays which are 

 recommended are the following: 



Whale-oil soap, 1 pound to 10 gallons 

 of soft water. 



Kerosene emulsion, if properly pre- 

 pared, is possibly the best spray for the 

 leaf hopper. It should be used as a 10- 

 per cent solution. 



Resin spray composed of 1 pound of 

 resin and % pound of lye dissolved in 15 

 gallons of water. 



The tobacco sprays are also effective. 

 "Black Leaf-40" at the rate of % pint of 

 "Black Leaf-40" and 2 pounds of whale- 

 oil soap to 50 gallons of water makes a 

 very efiicient contact spray. 



For the adult leaf hoppers one might 

 use sticky shields, something as recom- 

 mended for the grape leaf hopper. These 

 shields consist of heavy wires slightly 

 curved and about 5 feet in length, the 

 completed shield being about 4 feet wide. 

 The wires are covered with oilcloth or 

 canvas and the cloth smeared with crude 

 oil or oil of resin. If two men each carry- 

 ing one of these shields pass down oppo- 

 site sides of the row at the same time, 

 many of the hoppers will fly against the 

 sticky surface and lodge. 



Raspberry Horn-Tail 



Hartigia cressoni (Family Siricidae) 



Bartigia abdominalis 



General Appearance 



The adults are slender wasp-like in- 

 sects, little more than one-half inch long 

 and very active fliers. The females are 

 yellow with dark markings, while in the 

 males black predominates with very little 

 yellow. The eggs are pearly white and 

 oblong with a curved point at one end. 

 The full-grown larvae are white with 



