234 Insects most injurious to Cultivators : — 



alterations and additions. He has added two hot-houses at 

 7 7, in the situation of the hot-beds 8 8. Towards the north 

 end of the compartment marked 3, he has constructed an 

 elegant curvilinear house, glass on all sides, for the Coniferae ; 

 at each end of it he has placed large masses of rockwork, 

 which are to contain collections of ferns and 'S'axifrageae ; and 

 the whole of the ground in front he has laid out in beds on 

 turf, as a flower-garden. 



Art. III. A Series of Articles on the Insects most injurious to Cul- 

 tivators. By J. O. Westwood, F.L.S., Secretary to the Entomo- 

 logical Society of London. 



No. 12. The Apple, or Codling, Moth. 



Of all our fruits, none can compete, for extensive usefulness 

 and general value, with the apple : the large size of the tree 

 itself, and, consequently, the largeness of its crops of fruit, 

 together with its general distribution, render the apple, par 

 excellence, the poor man's fruit ; and yet, these very circum- 

 stances have for their natural result the existence of a larger 

 shai-e of fruit-feeding insects, as its peculiar enemies, than any 

 other species of fruit. 



Setting aside, for the present occasion, those species which 

 feed upon the leaves and young buds, or which, burying them- 

 selves beneath its bark, or burrowing into the solid wood, hide 

 themselves from our sight (amongst the former of which the 

 American blight, A^phis lanigera, and the Coccus conchiformis, 

 are not the least obnoxious), we may remark that the number 

 of species which feed upon the fruit itself is very considerable ; 

 of these, there are several small species of two-winged flies 

 (Diptera), belonging to the family Tipulidae, whose transforma- 

 tions have been observed by Schmidberger, and described in 

 Kollar's Lisects. There are also several species of weevils 

 (Curculionidae), the females of which also deposit their eggs in the 

 newly formed fruit, and upon which the larvae feed. " During 

 the autumn " (says Salisbury, as quoted in Ins. Trans., p. 24?3.), 

 " we frequently observe a small red weevil busily employed in 

 traversing the branches of apple trees, on which it lays its eggs, 

 by perforating the bloom buds. In the spring, these hatch, 

 and the grubs feed on the petals of the flowers, drawing up the 

 whole bunch of flowers into a cluster by means of their web. 

 The bloom thus becomes destroyed, and the grub falls to the 

 ground, where it lays itself up in the chrysalis state ; and in the 

 autumn afterwards we find the weevil renewed, which again 

 perforates the buds, and causes a similar destruction in the 

 following spring." This insect is, apparently, the Anthonomus 



