1314 



GARDEN CITIES 



GARDENIA 



on land owned by the municipality." It wiO be observed 

 that this is not a proprietory enterprise. 



Howard considered that people aggregated them- 

 selves into the cities because of the "attractions" there, 

 of various kinds. In the nature of the case, certain 

 magnets attract to the town or city, and certain other 

 magnets attract to the country. He would combine 

 these magnets into a town-country habitation. He 

 expressed the idea in a chart, Fig. 1621. 



The reception given to this idea was so favorable that 

 in 1902 a corporation was organized "to promote and 

 further the distribution of the industrial population 

 upon the land upon the lines suggested in Ebenezer 

 Howard's book," which in 1904 began operations. It 

 is interesting to note that among the subscribers to 

 this company's stock were George Cadbury and Sir 



THE 



THREE MAGNETS. 



ccs^:-,. ■ 





^ TOWN-COUNTRY.A-- 



V n n J', 



1621. The three magnets that Mr. Howard considers to be the 

 attractions for the people. 



W. H. Lever, both of whom had previously established 

 with success industrial villages upon a proprietary 

 plan — Bournville and Port Sunlight. 



While it is not the province of this sketch to discuss 

 in detail the sociological features either of Garden 

 City in England, or of its German prototype at Hel- 

 lerau, near to and dependent upon the great German 

 enterprise of the Krupps at Essen, it is proper to report 

 the steady growth of the Letchworth scheme (so called 

 because of the name of the largest estate purcha-sed for 

 estabhshing the Garden City), and to note the removal 

 thither of several large industries, of which it is said 

 that "printing, book-binding and various branches of 

 engineering are the chief industries, and there are at 

 least a dozen others." Garden City had, in 1912, 

 eight years from its beginning, a population of 7,912, 

 scattered comfortably and working happily in 1,761 

 buildings in the developed part of its 4,500 acres, and 

 the effect of living eight years in its designed whole- 

 Bomeness had been to give it a death rate of eight in 

 the thousand, as compared with 14.1 for the larger 

 English communities from which it drew its inhabitants 

 and its industries. It is quite within the scope of this 

 book to register the sober conclusion of the Royal Com- 

 mission on Canals and Inland Navigation (England), 



in 1909, that "If industries are widely distributed, 

 workers can have better houses at lower rents, can 

 breathe less vitiated air, and they and their famihes 

 can in many cases combine with factory work the 

 healthy and profitable work of small agricultural 

 production." 



"The gardens of Garden City are ... the small 

 individual gardens of its houses and cottages. . . . 

 The garden is inevitable in Garden City. . . . You 

 win not find a house without one — a real practical 

 garden. . . . The majority keep their gardens 

 well. . . . Most of the residences are detached, with 

 gardens aU around them." Such are comments on 

 this feature of the successful Garden City found in a 

 book on the enterprise, itself an evidence of the qual- 

 ity of the printing product of the community. (The 

 Garden City, by C. B. Purdom; "printed in 

 the Garden City at the Temple Press and pub- 

 hshed by J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., London, 

 1913.") 



In addition to the prevalence of gardens, this 

 industrial community enjoys other features not 

 usual in hit-or-miss development. The houses 

 in Garden City are not in blocks or "rows," 

 are not monotonously similar, include careful 

 provision for health and cleanhness, and range 

 in cost from $1,000 to more than .$10,000. 

 There are many outdoor recreational facilities, 

 and a strong community spirit helps to provide 

 entertainment and amusement. The town plan 

 takes account of the contour of the land, and 

 the houses of whatever character are touched 

 or approached by the green of vine or tree or 

 plant. 



In the United States there are as yet no 

 garden cities so thoughtfully designed and so 

 capably worked out. 'There is a "Garden City" 

 near New York, but it is merely a well-handled 

 real estate promotion enterprise. Pullman 

 near Chicago, was an attempt at mitigating the 

 rigors of the congested city, and Gary, in 

 Indiana, is a later and sUghtly more advanced 

 industrial town. Neither appro.\imates the 

 efficiency of the EngUsh example. There are 

 building in northern Michigan several indus- 

 trial towns in which there is both planting and 

 the retention of some native growth, but these 

 are proprietary enterprises, and not cooperative 

 as is the Letchworth Garden City. 



It is certain that there will come into exis- 

 tence many more communities of the type of 

 Garden City, because it is coming to be generally 

 known that the influences of the garden and of wider 

 hving areas upon an industrial population are economi- 

 cally favorable and tend to contentment, permanence 

 and prosperity, especially if intoxicating Uquors are 

 either kept out or are made available only under sharp 

 restraint. j. Horace McFarland. 



GARDENIA (after Alexander Garden, M.D., of 



Charleston, S. C, a correspondent of Linna?us). flubi- 

 aceab. Shrubs or rarely small trees, sometimes nearly 

 or quite evergreen, some of which are planted South 

 and one yields popular flowers for cutting. 



Plants glabrous or pubescent or even tomentose: 

 Ivs. opposite or in 3's, with interpetiolar stipules: fls. 

 large, axillary and solitary or sometimes corymbose, 

 yellow or white; calyx-tube ovoid or obconic; corolla 

 salver-shaped or tubular, the tube much exceeding the 

 calyx, the limb with .5-9 spreading or recurved con- 

 torted lobes; stamens .5-9, on the corolla- throat. — Spe- 

 cies about 60, in subtropical regions of the eastern 

 hemisphere. See Randia for related plants. 



Gardenia includes the Cape jasmine, a tender shrub 

 2 to 6 feet high, with thick, evergreen foliage and 

 large double, waxy camellia-hke, fragrant flowers. It 



