1352 



GLYCERIA 



GMELINA 



Fig. 1657. Three to 5 ft.: lower sheaths rough and 

 overlapping; blades 3-8 lines wide; glabrous: panicle 

 8-16 in. long, many-fid., open and spreading; spikelets 

 4-7-fld., 3 lines long. Dept. Agric, Div. Agrost. 7:286. 

 N. U. S. 



nervata, Trin. {Panicularia nervata, Kuntze). Fowl 

 Meadow-Grass. One to 3 ft.: blades 1-2H lines wide, 

 scabrous above: panicle 4-8 in. long, open, the branches 

 drooping; .spikelets 3-7-fld., 1 line long. Ibid 287. — 

 Widely distributed in U. S. a. S. Hitchcock. 



GLYCINE (Greek for sweet). Leguminbss. The soy- 

 bean and related plants. The glycines are allied to 

 Dolichos, Vigna and Phaseolus: the cult, species are 

 distinguished by small and hairy fls. in short axillary 

 racemes: stipules very small and free from the petiole: 

 Ifts. 3, large. — Perhaps 40 species, mostly tropical, in 

 Asia, Afr., and Austral., nearly all twining vines. In 

 this country Glycine is known only in the soybean, 

 G. Soja, Sieb. and Zucc, which is an erect, hairy 

 annual from Japan and China. It is also known as 

 the soja or soya bean, coffee bean and coffee berry. 

 It grows 2-6 ft. high, making a rank, bushy herb, and 

 bearing axillary clusters of small hanging, hairy pods, 

 with constrictions between the seeds. Fls. small, white 

 or purple. The seeds are subglobose to oblong, yellow, 

 green, brown or black, but in some varieties parti- 

 colored. In China and Japan the beans are much used 

 for human food and for the production of oil. For the 

 latter purpose great quantifies of seed have been 

 exported in recent years from Manchuria to Eu. In 

 this country the plant is grown for forage, its first use 

 for this purpose dating from 18.54. Since 1882, and 

 especially since 1898, the crop has been steadily gaining 

 in importance. The beans may be used as a substitute 

 for coffee; and for this purpose the plant is often sold. 

 The erect form of soybean is unknown in a wild state. 

 It is clearly a domesticated form of G. ussuriensis, 

 Kegel & Maack, which is wild in Japan, Manchuria, 

 China, and India. For the economic merits of soy- 

 beans, see various experiment station reports; also 

 Farmers' Bull. No. 372, U. S. Dept. of Agric. For a 

 technical exhaustive paper see Bureau of Plant Indus- 

 try, Bull. No. 197. The soybean has also been made 

 the basis of a distinct genus under the name of Soja, 

 Moench. Glycine was clearly used by Linna;us to 

 refer primarily to the ground-nut, Apios tuberosa. 

 Botanists who accept Glycine in that sense use Soja 

 for the soybean and allied species. The plant named 

 Phaseolits max by Linna-us is the soybean, and as the 

 description is on a previous page to that of Dolichos 

 Soja, some authors use the specific name 7nax and 

 designate the soybean as Soja inax. 



G. chim'nsis = Wistaria sinensis. — G. fmtiscens = Wistaria 

 speciosa. — G. .^ininsis='Wistar'm. p -w p,p-c,T, f 



GLYCOSMIS (from the Greek for sweet, and 

 smell). Rutacese. Thornless shrubs or small trees, 

 grown for ornament. 



Leaves persistent, alternate; Ifts. 1-9, alternate or 

 nearly opposite, dark green above, pale below, coria- 

 ceous, entire or obscurely crenulate: fls. in axillary or 

 terminal panicles, small, white, fragrant, urceolate, 

 5-merous; calyx pubescent (ciliate); ovary 2-5-celled 

 with 1 ovule in each cell; style very short, persistent; 

 stamens 10, free, inserted in 2 series on the disk: frs. 

 small, with a fleshy pulp in which are imbedded the 

 large rounded seeds; cotyledons epigeous in germina- 

 tion; first foUage-lvs. simple, opposite. — Several spe- 

 cies are known, occurring in India and Ceylon and 

 extending to Austral., the Philippines, and China. Only 

 one has as yet been intro. into cult, in this country. 



pentaphylla, DC. (Limbnia pentaphylla, Retz. Tolui- 

 fera cochinchinensis. Lour. G. cochinchinensis, Pierre). 

 Small inermous shrubs with pinnate Ivs. having 1-7 

 Ifts.: fls. urceolate, very small, white, fragrant: berry 



2-3-celled with 1 or 2 brownish green rounded seeds 

 imbedded in the fleshy pulp. — A very variable species 

 common throughout India, Indo-China, Philippine Isls. 

 and Malayan Archipelago. 111. Roxbg. PI. Coroman- 

 del, 1:60, pi. 84. Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay, p. 192, fig. 

 117. — This species is sometimes grown as an ornamental 

 in greenhouses or out-of-doors in the southern states. 

 Because of its dark green glossy Ivs. and translucent 

 pinkish berries, it is a handsome shrub for warm semi- 

 tropical cUmates. Walter T. Swingle. 



GLYCYRRHIZA (Greek, sweet root). Leguminbsx. 

 Licorice, also spelled Liquorice, and Lickorice. This 

 genus contains the plant whose roots produce the 

 licorice of commerce. 



The genus has about a dozen widely scattered spe- 

 cies of perennial herbs, often glandular: Ivs. odd-pin- 

 nate; Ifts. of indefinite number, rarely 3, entire, with 

 minute glands or teeth: fls. blue, violet, white or yel- 

 lowish, in axillary racemes or spikes, which are pedun- 

 cled or sessile. — About a dozen species in the Medit. 

 region, Trop. Asia, W. Amer. and S. Amer., only one 

 of which appears to be cult. 



The roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra^ of southern Europe 

 and central Asia, are used extensively by druggists; in 

 America by brewers and manufacturers of plug 

 tobacco; in Turkey, Egypt and France to make cool- 

 ing drinks. Our supply — more than $1,500,000 worth 

 in 1899 — is derived mainly from Spain, Portugal, Italy, 

 Turkey and Russia (Transcaucasia), the roots from 

 Spain and Italy being considered best, and those from 

 Turkey poorest on account of their bitterness. The 

 soil for licorice must be deep, mellow, moist, rich and 

 free from stones. Plants are usually set in rows, 3 

 feet or more apart, and not less than 1 foot asunder. 

 After the pla,nts have covered the ground, they are 

 allowed to shift for themselves for three or four years. 

 Harvesting is primitive, the roots being exposed by the 

 plow and pulled by hand. Large quantities of roots are 

 thus left to produce a succeeding crop or to overrun the 

 field as weeds. One ton to the acre is considered a fair 

 yield; 1.6 cents a pound an average price. In America 

 the only fields worthy the name are in California, where 

 licorice is not considered very paying. Experiment and 

 experience with it are, however, but little more than 

 begun. (M. G. Kains.) 



glabra, Linn. Height 2-3 ft.: Ifts. ovate, subretuse, 

 subglutinous beneath, 4-8 pairs, with an odd one : spikes 

 peduncled, shorter than the Ivs. ; fls. closely clustered, 

 the calyx glandular pubescent: pods glabrous, 3-4- 

 seeded. Summer and autumn. — Seeds in pods are listed 

 by a few dealers with miscellaneous agricultural seeds. 



Wilhelm Miller. 



GLYPTOSTROBUS (engraved or marked cone). 

 Pitmcese. One or 2 species of trees of swamps and low 

 grounds in China, separated by some authors from 

 Taxodium, but here included in that genus. The basis 

 of separation from Taxodium hes mostly in the fact 

 that the cone-scales are deciduous, whereas in Taxo- 

 dium proper they are persistent; the mature cones are 

 obovoid with a long contracted base, the seeds scarcely 

 angled and stipitate or narrowed at the base into a wing. 

 G. heterophyllus, Endl. (Taxbdium heterophyllum, 

 Brongn., which see), is a shrub to 10 ft. high, with lower 

 branches pendulous: Ivs. long, Unear, 3-rowed or scat- 

 tered, on the fruiting branches short and rather obtuse 

 and spirally imbricate: cones ovoid, Mi°- long: tender, 

 and little cult. 



GMELINA (after one of five distinguished German 

 botanists named Gmelin). Verbenace!e. Trees and 

 shrubs, bearing yellow or brownish irregular flowers 

 sometimes nearly 2 inches across. A very few plants 

 may be cultivated in European warmhouses, and in 

 America only in southern Florida and southern Cali- 

 fornia outdoors. 



