1490 



HICKORY-NUT 



HIERACIUM 



carefully staked until the wood has hardened, as it is 

 soft and easily broken. See Grafting. 



Planting. 



The hickories are transjjlanted with such difficulty 

 that the utmost care in preparing the soil for them is 

 required. This should be rich, deep and thoroughly 

 drained. Planting may be done either in autumn or 

 early spring. Pruning should be restricted to the 

 removal of bruised or injured roots. Heavy mulch 

 should be applied and maintained until trees are 

 thoroughly established. After that httle attention 

 is required. 



Production and use. 



The fairly abundant supply of shagbarks and shell- 

 barks in our markets is derived entirely from seedling 

 trees. By far the larger part of this is from second- 

 growth trees in fence-rows or the open fields where the 

 conditions are more favorable to nut-production than 

 in the forests. In southern New England, New York, 

 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, the shag- 

 bark product is a highly prized supplemental crop on 

 many farms. In some sections, as in southeastern 

 Pennsylvania, the nuts are cracked by the women and 

 children, the shelled meats being marketed in con- 

 siderable quantities at satisfactory prices, many con- 

 sumers preferring them to any other nut. 



Varieties. 



As the attention of amateurs has been concentrated 

 on the subject in recent years, many wild trees yielding 

 choice nuts have been located and preserved. A con- 

 siderable number of these have received varietal names, 

 but only a few have actually been propagated in such 

 way that trees are obtainable at nurseries even in 

 small numbers. 



The quahties that should be considered in shagbarks 

 and shellbarks from the commercial viewpoint are: (1) 

 cracking quality, including easy release of the kernel; 

 (2) thinness of shell; (3) size of nut; (4) plumpness and 

 flavor of kernel; (5) productiveness. 



The following sorts are worthy of consideration by 

 those who are interested in testing representative sorts. 

 Not all of them are yet to be had from nurseries. 



Shagharhs. 



Curtis. — Connecticut. A smooth nut of medium size, slightly 

 compressed; kernel plump, light in color and of good quality; shell 

 thin; cracking quality good. 



Dover. — Pennsylvania. A medium-sized angular nut, rather 

 broad at the base, but having a long and sharp basal point; shell 

 moderately thin; cracking quality good; quality good. 



Eliot. — Connecticut. Of medium size, compressed, angular, 

 ovate, with prominent tip; kernel plump; flavor mild and pleasant; 

 shell thin; cracking quality good. 



Hfilfs {Hales Papershtdl). — New Jersey. Large, quadrangular, 

 slightly compressed, with a peculiar wavy surface; kernel rather 

 deeply corrugated, but plump and of good quality, retaining its 

 sweetness for two years or more; shell thin and of fair cracking 

 quality. The Hales nut is the first-named variety of hickory, haWng 

 been described and illustrated by A. S. Fuller in "The Rural New 

 Yorker" in 1S70. It is probably the only sort now obtain.able at 

 the nurseries. The original tree bears a fair crop annually, and 

 numerous younger trees grafted from it are now in bearing. 



Jackson. — Ohio. A compressed oval nut of large size; kernel 

 large, plump, and of excellent quahty; shell thin; cracking quaUty 

 medium. Fig. 1836. 



Kentucky. — Northern Kentucky. A nut of medium size, with 

 quite angular and somewhat lumpy surface, short, sharp apex and 

 flattened base, having a very short tip: shell moderately thin, kernel 

 very plump, rich and sweet. Fig. 1837. 



Kirtland. — Quadr.anguLar. above medium size, slightly ridged 

 and having a rather Iimipy surface; shell thin, with excellent 

 cracking quality: kernel plump, rich and of good flavor. Fig. 1837. 



Learning. — Missouri. A Large nut of fine flavor and excellent 

 cracking quality; the kernel coming out in unbroken halves. 



Meriden. — Connecticut. Large, oblong, compressed; kernel 

 large and of good quahty; shell rather thick but cracks well. Fig. 

 1836. 



MilSord. — Massachusetts. A compressed ovate nut, medium to 

 large in size, with large, plump kernel of excellent quality; cracks 

 well ; one of the best nuts yet brought to notice. Fig. 18.36. 



Rice. — Ohio. Angular, ovate, medium to large in size; kernel 

 plump, bright and of fine quality; shell thin and of good cracking 

 quality; tree regular'y productive. 



Swain. — Indiana. A rather long nut of medium size, with sharp 

 apex and irregularly pointed base; surface rough; shell thin; crack- 

 ing quality fair; kernel plump and sweet. Fig. 1837. 



Vest. — Virginia. Of medium size, distinctly quadrangular with 

 very lumpy surface; shell very thin and papery; kernel deeply 

 corrugated but plump and of good quality. 



Woodbourne. — Pennsylvania. Long, compressed ovate, large 

 and smooth; kernel tender and of very high quality; shell rather 

 thick but cracks well. 



ShcJlharks. 



Lefevre. — Pennsylvania. Large, quadrangular, shghtly ridged; 

 shell thin, cracking fairly well; kernel very large, plump, rich and 

 sweet. 



Rieke. — Ilhnois. Above medium size, elongated, with a long, 

 sharp apex and flattened base; shell moderately thick, cracking 

 quality very good; kernel fairly plump and sweet. Fig. 1837. 



_ Weiker. — Pennsylvania. Large, elongated, with moderately 

 thick shell, cracking easily; kernel plump, rich and of good flavor. 

 Fig. 1837. 



Pignut. 



Of the somewhat numerous sweet-flavored forms found in this 

 species, the following one at least has been deemed worthy of 

 perpetuation because of its delicate flavor, thin shell, and excellent 

 cracking quality. 



Braekett. — Iowa. Roundish compressed, smooth and of grayish 

 color, medium to large in size: kernel plump, sweet and of delicate 

 flavor; shell very thin, and easily freed from the kernel. 



Wm. a. Taylor. 



mCORIA: Carya. 



HIDALGOA ("after the Mexican Hidalgo"). Syn., 

 ChUdsia. Compositse. A tender herbaceous vine, allied 

 to Dahha, with scarlet flowers about 2}^ inches across, 

 introduced in 1899 by John Lewis Childs, under the 

 name of ChUdsia Wercklei, or "treasure vine." 



Hidalgoa is closely allied to Dahlia and Coreopsis, 

 but differs from both in the large, fertile achene of the 

 rays and in the sterile disk-fls., the styles of which are 

 entire or very shortly 2-lobed. — Only 2 species were 

 hitherto recognized, both from Cent. Amer. From 

 these H. Wercklei differs in its more compound Ivs. 

 and much larger heads. Suitable for cool, shady ver- 

 andas but cannot be grown north of Washington 

 out-of-doors; quite hardy in S. Calif. 



Wercklei, Hook. {ChUdsia Wercklei, J. L. Childs). 

 Climbing Dahlia. Tall, woody at base, much 

 branched, climbing by petioles: Ivs. opposite, pin- 

 nately ternatisect, 13'2~23'2 in. long, 2 in. wide, the 

 teeth tipped reddish brown; petiole lJ^-2 in. long, 

 coiled at base: peduncle axillary, as long as the Ivs., 

 1-fld.; rays about 10, "dazzling orange-scarlet." Costa 

 Rica. B.M. 7684. J. L. Childs' Cat. Rare Flowers, 

 etc., 1899, p. 1, with colored plate. A.G. 20:570. 



WiLHELM Miller. 



N. TAYLOR.f 



HIERACIUM (Greek, a hawk; it is said the ancients 

 thought that hawks sharpened their eyesight by using 

 the sap of these plants). Coinpdsitse (Cichoriacex) . 

 Hawk-weeds. Hardy herbaceous perennials, some of 

 which are bad weeds in the eastern states. 



Leaves often toothed, but never deeply lobed: 

 heads usually small, loosely paniculate or cymose, rarely 

 soUtary; receptacle flat, usually quite naked; rays 

 truncate, 5-toothed at the ape.x; anthers sagittate at 

 the base; style-branches slender: seeds angular. — Over 

 400 species mostly native to Eu. and S. Amer. The 

 genus passes into Crepis, from which it is distinguished 

 by having stiff, usually brownish, rarely white pappus, 

 and oblong or columnar seeds. 



The cultivated species bear in summer and autumn 

 a succession of small yellow or orange-colored flowers. 

 There is one white-flowered species, H. nirale. They 

 are often worth growing in rockeries and waste places, 

 but care should be taken to prevent them from crowd- 

 ing out more desirable plants. In some parts of the 

 East H. auranliacum has become one of the worst 

 weeds ever introduced into America. It is magnifi- 

 cently colored, and makes very attractive patches. 

 H. villosum is the most desirable species. Hawkweeds 

 will grow in almost any soil or aspect. They are prop- 

 agated chiefy by dividing the stolons, or by seeds, and 



