ISLAND DEPENDENCIES 



ISLAND DEPENDENCIES 1695 



The papaya {Carica Papaya) is the most important 

 breakfast fruit in Hawaii and is growm in ahnost every 

 door^^ard as well as in small orchards. It is of very 

 easy culture, coming into bearing within a year from 

 planting and continuing for several years to produce 

 good fruit on almost any well-drained soil. For this 

 reason it is a fruit for the rich and the poor alike. The 

 tree is propagated chiefly by seeds and as there has been 

 very httle attempt to keep strains pure, there is a very 

 wide variation in flavor and other qualities. The diffi- 

 cult}' of keeping pure strains has been complicated by 

 the fact that most papayas are dioecious and it is impos- 

 sible to know the inherent qualities of the male trees. 

 But fortunately there is a hermaphrodite type and with 

 this there is hope of estabhshing reasonably stable 

 varieties of good quality. 



A great variety of tropical and semi-tropical fruits 

 and nuts is to be found in these islands. A hst of some 

 of the more important of these is as follows: 



Ananas sativus (pineapple). 

 Artocarpus: 



(a) Artocarpus incisa (bread-fruit). 



(6) Artocarpus integrifolia (Jack-fruit). 

 Annona: 



(a) Annona muricata (soursop). 



lb) Annona squamosa (sweet-sop or sugar-apple). 



(c) Annona reticulata (custard-apple or buUock'a heart). 



(d) Annona Cherimola (cherimoya). 

 Anacardium occidentale (cashew). 

 Averrhoa Carambola (carambola). 



^Egle Marmelos (Bael fruit; elephant apple; or Bengal quince). 



Achras Sapota (sapodilla). 



Aleurites ^Iotuccana (kukui nut). 



Areca Catechu (betelnut). 



Bunchosia sp. 



Citrus: 



(a) Citrus sinensis (sweet orange). 



lb) Citrus Aurantium var. Amara (sour or SeWlIe orange). 



(c) Citrus Limonia (lemon). 



id) Citrus sp. (rough lemon). 



(e) Citrus aurantifolia (lime). 



(/) Citrus grandis (pomelo or grapefruit). 



(g) Citrus grandis (shaddock). 



(h) Citrus nobiUa (Mandarin orange). 



(i) Citrus japonica ("China" orange, or kumquat). 



(j) Citrus Medica var. genuina (citron). 



{k) Citrus mitis (Caiamondin orange). 

 Canarium commune (piiinut). 

 Carica; 



(a) Carica Papaya (papaya). 



lb) Carica quercifolia (dwarf papaya). 

 Chrysophyllum Cainito (star-apple). 

 Casimiroa edulis (white sapota). 

 Coccoloba uvifera (shore-grape). 

 Cocos nucifera (coconut). 

 Cocos Gaertneri 

 Claueena Lansium (the wampi). 

 DiospjTOs decandra (Cochin-China persimmon;. 

 Durio zibethinus (durion). 

 Eriobotrya japonica (loquat). 

 Eugenia : 



(a) Eugenia malaccensis (mountain apple). 



(b) Eugenia Jambos (rose apple). 



(c) Eugenia uniflora (Cayenne or Surinam cherry). 



(d) Eugenia sp. (1, white water apple). 

 Eugenia sp. (2. red water apple). 



(c) Eugenia myrtifolia (brush cherry). 



(/) Eugenia Jambolana (black plum or jambolan plum). 

 Ficus Carica. 

 Garcinia: 



(a) Garcinia Mangoatana fmangosteen). 



(h) Garcinia sp. (African mangosteen). 

 Hibiscus Sabdariffa (roselle). 



Inocarpus edulis (mape, or Polynesian chestnut). 

 Lucuma ner\-osa (egg-fruit). 

 Malpighia glabra (Barbados cherry). 

 Musa (banana): 



(a) Musa Cavendishii (Chinese banana). 



(6) Musa sapientum (including practically all other common 

 edible bananas). 

 Mangifera indica (mango). 



Mammea americana (mammee apple or St. Domingo apricot). 

 Monstera deliciosa (delicious monster). 

 Macadamia ternifolia (AustraUan nut). 

 Morus alba (the mulberry). 

 Morus nigra (the mulberry). 

 Morus muiticaulis (silkworm mulberry). 

 Nephclium (genera Litchi and Euphoria): 



(a) Nephelium Litchi (litchiK 



(6) Nephelium Longana (longan). 

 Noronhia emarginata. 

 Olea europiea (olive). 

 Persea gratissima (avocado). 



Pasaiflora (the passion flower fruits): 



(a) Passiflora laurifiora (yellow water-lemonj. 



(6) Passiflora eduhs (purple water-lemon). 



(c) Passiflora quadrangularis (granadilla). 



id) Passiflora alata (granadilla). 

 Psidium (guava). 



(a) Psidium Guajava (sweet, sour, and lemon guavas). 



(6) Psidium Cattleianum (strawberry guava). 

 Phoenix dactylifera (dat^is). 

 Punicum Granatum (pomegranate). 

 Phyllanthus acida (Indian gooseberry). 

 Phyllanthus Emblica (embhc myrobolan). 

 Physahs peruWana (poha). 

 Rubus Macraei (akala). 



Rubus hawaiiensia (Hawaiian wild raspberry). 

 Spondias dulcis (Wii fruit, or Tahitian Vii apple). 

 Terminalia Catappa ("Kamani" [foreign] tropical almond). 

 Tamarindus indicus (tamarind). 

 Theobroma Cacao (cacao). 



Vitis (grape: chiefly V. vinifera and V. labrusca). 

 Vanilla planifolia (vanilla). 

 Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo). 

 Zizyphus Jujuba (Jujube). 



Vegetable-gardening is conducted chiefly by the 

 Chinese and Japanese, who grow most of the more 

 easily managed vegetables. Nearly all the vegetables 

 found in the mainland markets can be grown in Hawaii, 

 but some require special skill antl a few demand an 

 elevated location. All the cucurbits are difficult of 

 cultiu-e except in isolated localities because of the prev- 

 alence of the melon fly {Dacus cucurbits), which also 

 attacks less seriously tomatoes, peppers, and a few 

 other vegetables. Sweet corn, peppers, and tomatoes 

 were shipped experimentally to San Francisco as winter 

 vegetables and reaUzed good prices, but it was neces- 

 sary to discontinue this trade because the melon fly had 

 been found to some degree in each of these vegetables 

 and is not known in California. Sweet potatoes, which 

 are so easily grown here, have been shipped to San 

 Francisco during the spring and early summer months, 

 and early onions, chiefly of the Bermuda type. Both 

 of these bring high prices, being easily grown in good 

 quaUty for the opportune season in the market, and 

 each may become the basis of a rather important trade 

 if no insect or disease prevents its being shipped. 



Taro (Colocasia aniiquorum var. esculentum) fur- 

 nishes the chief food of the native Hawaiians and is 

 much used by foreigners also. It, therefore, requires a 

 considerable area of land to supply the local market. 

 There are many varieties of taro and some of the best 

 succeed only under submerged conditions and for this 

 reason, this crop, with rice, occupies most of the valley 

 bottoms, where water can be led readily from the 

 streams. Other varieties which succeed with less 

 water are grown in moist lands where there is a heavy 

 rainfall. Very few Hawaiians now engage in growing 

 taro extensively, the industry being conducted chiefly 

 by the Chinese. The plant has a large conn or root- 

 stock and is propagated by cuttings from the top of 

 this or of the smaller offsets. The crop matures in ten 

 to fifteen months and the corm which is rich in a very 

 easily digestible starch, furnishes most of the food, 

 although the tender young leaves are also eaten. Taro 

 is eaten as a vegetable and makes a good substitute 

 for the potato, but its chief use is in the making of poi, 

 the most important Hawaiian dish, which is prepared 

 by crushing the steamed corm with stone* pounders or 

 more recently by American-made machinery. It is 

 about the consistency of paste and is eaten after it has 

 been allowed to ferment for a few days. Taro flour 

 under various trade names has been placed upon the 

 American markets. 



Hawaii is a land of flowers, but many of the most 

 beautiful blooms are on large trees and vines. Among 

 the most striking of these are the royal iwinciana 

 {Foinciana regia), golden showers (Cansia Jistula)^ 

 pink showers (Ca,s.sifl grandis), pink and white showers 

 {Cassia nodosa), bougainvilUca, petrea, beaumontia, 

 alamanda, bignonia, and plum<^ria. The night-blooming 

 cereus flourishes and presents a magnificent sight when 

 in flower. The old Hawaiian custom of bedecking 



