JUB.EA 



JUGLANS 



1721 



JDBiEA (after Juba, king of Numidia). Palmacex. 

 The wine palm of Chile, J. spcclabilis, which in this 

 country is cultivated outdoors in southern Cahfornia 

 and in the North under glass. 



Juba?a has only 1 species, a tall, unarmed S. American 

 palm: caudex thick, covered with the bases of the 

 sheaths: Ivs. terminal, pinnatisect; segms. spreading, 

 linear-lanceolate, rigid; margins recurved; rachis 

 laterally compressed, convex on the back, acute 

 beneath; sheath short, open. AlUcd genera in cult, are 

 Attalea, Cocos, Maximihana and Scheelea, which are 

 distinguished chiefly by the staminate fls. In Jubsea 

 the petals are lanceolate; stamens numerous, included, 

 the anther-cells connate: fr. 1-seeded. In Attalea 

 the petals are lanceolate; stamens 10-24, included, 

 anther-cells connate: fr. 2-6-seeded. For distinctions 

 from other genera consult also Cocos, Maximiliana and 

 Scheelea. 



Jubaa spectahilis is a handsome and satisfactory 

 palm for the cool palm-house, where it would be treated 

 in common with such plants as Chamserops humilis, 

 the sabals and Euterpe montana, which may be grown 

 ■well in a night temperature of 50°, providing the plants 

 are properly established. In general appearance, J. 

 spectabilis reminds one of some kinds of Phoenix, and, 

 like them, does not show the true character of its foli- 

 age in a very small state, the seedhng jubea producing 

 several simple leaves before developing foliage of the 

 pinnate type. In Jubsea, however, the lower pinnce do 

 not revert to spines, as is usually the case with Phoenix 

 and the pinna' are also arranged irrcgxilarly on the mid- 

 rib, thus giving the fronds a feathery effect. The cul- 

 ture of jubea is by no means difficult, propagation 

 being effected by means of imported seeds, which 

 usually give a fair percentage of germination, provid- 

 ing they are started in a warmhouse and kept moist. 

 The seedlings should be potted as soon as the second 

 leaf appears, and kept in a w'armhouse until they are 

 large enough for a 4-inch pot, and from this time forward 

 cooler treatment wiU give the best results, always 

 remembering the fact that while many palms (and 

 jubea among the number) will bear much neglect, 

 yet the best results are to be had only by giving plenty 

 of nourishment. (W. H. TapUn.) 



spectabilis, HBK. Height 40-60 ft. but much lower 

 incult.:lvs. 6-12 ft. long. G.C. II. 18:401; III. 18:516. 

 Gn. 5, p. 413. V. 8:340. A.F. 22:696. C.L.A. 2:19. 

 Gng. 12:658. — The southernmost American pakn. "It 

 is one of the hardiest pakns," says Franceschi, "and 

 can endure drought and many degrees of cold. If hb- 

 erally treated, it makes a large tree in a few years." 

 A full-sized trunk yields about 90 gallons of sugary 

 sap, which is boiled by the Chileans and called "&Iiel 

 de Palma" or palm honey, which is extensively used on 

 ships and hotels on the west coast of S. Amer. There is 

 some danger of the species being exterminated in Chile. 

 The frs. look like diminutive coconuts, and are called 

 Coquitos, or by the trade "monkey's coconuts." In 

 Europe, it is cult, under glass, and also used for sub- 

 tropical bedding. N. TATLOR.t 



JDBUBA, Jujuba: Zizyphua. 



JOT) AS TREE: Cercis. 



JUGLANS (ancient Latin name from Jovis glans, nut 

 of Jupiter). Juglandacese. W.^lnut. BtrTTERNUT. 

 Plate LX. Woody plants grown for their handsome 

 foliage and some species for their edible nuts. 



Deciduous trees, rarely shrubs: branch ?s with 

 lamellate pith: Ivs. alternate, without stipules, odd- 

 pinnate, of aromatic fragrance when bruised : staminate 

 fls. with a 2-5-lobed perianth and 6-30 stamens, in 

 slender catkins; pistillate fls. in few- to many-fld. 

 racemes; ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 4 calyx-lobes 

 and included in a 3-lobed involucre: fr. a large drupe 

 with a thick, indehiscent husk; nut 2- or 4-ceUed at 



the base, indehiscent or separating at last into 2 valves. 

 — About 15 species in N. and S. Amer. and from S. E. 

 Eu. to E. Asia; 44 species have been distinguished and 

 described in a monograph by Dode (B.S.D. 1906: 

 67-97; 1909: 22-50, 165-215, with many illustrations). 



The walnuts are usually taU broad-headed trees 

 with large leaves, and with small greenish flowers, the 

 staminate in pendulous slender often conspicuous 

 catkins, the pistillate inconspicuous followed by a green- 

 ish large drupe containing an edible nut. Most of the 

 species are hardy, and are very valuable park trees, 

 with a massive, straight trunk, and a Ught and airy 

 broad top, the best being probably J. nigra, one of 

 the noblest trees of the American forest. J . regia, J. 

 rupestris, and J. cathayensis are hardy as far north as 

 Massachusetts, while J. californica is tender in the 

 North. Though many fungi and insects prey on the 

 walnut, none of them does very serious damage, the 

 worst being, perhaps, the hickory-borer. The wood of 

 the walnut, which is easily worked and susceptible of 

 receiving a beautiful polish, is much used for cabinet 

 making and the interior finish of houses, especially 

 that of J. nigra and J. regia, which is heavy, strong 

 and durable, and of dark brown color, while that of J. 

 cinerea and J. Siebold- 

 iana is light and soft. 

 The husks of the nuts 

 are sometimes used for 

 dyeing yellow, and the 

 bark for tanning leather. 

 The husk of J . cinerea 

 has some medicinal prop- 

 erties. The nuts of aU 

 species are edible, and 

 are an article of commer- 

 cial importance, especi- 

 ally those of J . regia, 

 which are the best. This 

 species is extensively 

 grown in the warmer 

 parts of Europe, in Cali- 

 fornia and in the East 

 from Pennsylvania to 

 Georgia. The nuts of 

 the native species are 

 also sold on the market, 

 but mostly gathered in 

 the woods, though a 

 number of improved 

 varieties are in cultiva- 

 tion. ./. Sicboldiana and var. cordiformis, with nuts 

 superior to those of the native species, and much val- 

 ued in Japan, will probably become valuable nut trees 

 where J. regia is too tender; also J. regia var. sinensis 

 is hardier than the type. 



The walnut grows best in moderately moist, rich 

 soil, but J. cinerea is more moisture-loving and J. regia 

 prefers well-drained hillsides. They are not easily 

 transplanted when older, and therefore the nuts are 

 often planted where the trees are to stand, but they 

 may be safely transplanted when two or three years old, 

 or even later when they have been transplanted in the 

 nursery. Propagation is by seeds, which should be 

 stratified and not allowed to become dry. A hght, 

 sandy soil is to be preferred, as the young plants pro- 

 duce more fibrous roots, while in stiff soil they are 

 hable to make a long taproot. The young seedlings 

 are transplanted when about two years old; sometimes 

 the taproot is cut by a long knife. Varieties are often 

 grafted on potted stock in the greenhouse in early 

 spring or are budded in summer, either shield- or flute- 

 budding being employed; even top-grafting of old trees 

 is sometimes practised. F'or culture and further 

 infonnation, see United States Department of Agri- 

 culture, "Nut Culture in the United States," quoted 

 below as U. S. N. C; see, also, Walnut. 



2011. Leaf of Juglans nigra. 



