1800 LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



tracks upon a special turfed reservation with rows of 

 trees, thus enabhng the cars to he run at liifih spcetl with 

 little danger of eolhsioij with other vehicles. Such reser- 

 vations are generally between two roadways, but in 

 some suburban districts, notably in the city of Roches- 

 ter, a single track reservation is |ilaced on cither side 

 of a single roadway, between the curb and the sidewalk. 

 .\ jiarkway, so far as it can be discriminated from a 

 boulevard, includes more breadth of turf or planted 

 ground and includes, usually, murow pa-ssages of 

 natur;il scenery of vmying width, giving it a somewhat 

 park-like character and inducing a less formal treat- 

 ment of the roads, jiaths. and acces.sory features. 

 Parkways are frequently laid out along streams so as 

 to include the natural beauties of brook or river scenery 

 and to ])reserve the main surface-water channels in 

 [lublic control, thus providing for the adequate, 

 economical and agreeable regulation of storm-drainage 

 and floods. 



6. OiUltfing reserrations of almost undeveloped coun- 

 trj- scenen,-, usually from 5(X) to 5,000 acres in extent, 

 are wisely included in the park systems of some of the 

 larger cities on account of the increasing difficulty of 

 reaching the unspoiled scenery of the open country, 

 and because, otherwise, the increasing numbers of 

 (H-rsons seeking such scenery upon the outskirts of the 

 suburbs secure their pleasure at a constantly increasing 

 discomfort to themselves and to the private landowners 

 upon whose property they arc forced to trespa.ss. 

 The most notable of such reservations in America are 

 those of the Boston Metro|)olitan District, comprising 

 four forest reservations with a total area of over 10,000 

 acres, with 33 miles of connecting parkways. The 

 most notable of such reservations in Europe arc those 

 of London, especially Epping Forest (5,346 acres) and 

 Richmond Park (2,358 acres); and those of Paris, 

 amounting to about 20,000 acres, chiefly maintained, 

 not by the city, but by the national government. 



Management. — The usual and best method of man- 

 aging city parks is by an unpaid commission of three or 



five members appointed for terms of three or five years 

 :uid retiring successively, with a view to contiimity of 

 policy and independence of local politics. Of late, a 

 strong nn)vement for numicipal efficiency has led to 

 placing the p;irk department of some cities in charge 

 of a single commissioner who is chosen for his business 

 ability rather than for his cultivated taste. This is a 

 great mistake. Business efficiency in park inanagement 

 is important but should be secondary to the main 

 purpose of attaining and preserving landscape beauty 

 in the large parks and the avoidance of freakishness 

 in all the parks. The single park commissioner is 

 dangerous because he has the power and the instinct to 

 order the immediate execution of any personal notion 

 or whim, whereas a board instinctively desires to dis- 

 cuss new jirojects and has to be persuaded of their 

 merit and wisdom before it will vote for them. In 

 creative art the best designing is personal, but in main- 

 taining works of art a consensus of opinion is much 

 safer. The commission appoints as executive officers 

 a secretar}' and a superintendent, the latter having 

 some technical skill, and each devoting his whole time 

 to the work and receiving a salary. Under the orders 

 of the superintendent, who receives his instructions 

 direct from the board, are employed an engineer, local 

 superintendents, gardeners, foremen, and so on. The 

 engineer is generally an assistant of the city engineer, 

 assigned temporarily to park work. When new parks 

 are to be acquired or plans are to be made for their 

 development, a professional landscape architect is 

 employed to advise the boai'd and to make plans, and 

 is usually retained at least in a consulting capacity 

 during the period of construction. Some large cities 

 retain a consulting landscape architect permanently 

 to advise them with regard to questions of improve- 

 ment and maintenance affecting the design of the parks. 

 Statistics. — Rehable statistics of parks are almost 

 unattainable. The accompanying incomplete compila- 

 tion h;is been corrected to 1914, except a few items 

 which are starred. 



Name of city 



.\lbany. N. Y 



Baltimore, Md 



Boston, Mass., City, 

 lioston. Metropoli- 

 tan 



Uuffalo. X. Y 



f hicaKO. Ill 



'inciiinati, O 



flevcland. O 



I Jis Moines, Iowa. . . 



Denver, Colo 



Duluth, Minn 



1 ",.*sex County, N. J. . 



Hartford, Conn 



Indianapolis, Ind.. . . 

 Kansa.s Cit.v, Mo. . . . 



Loui.sville, Ky 



-Milwaukee, Wis 



Minneapolis, Minn. . 



New York City 



BorouKh of Brooklyn 



Omaha, Neb 



Peoria. Ill 



Pitt.sburEh. Pa 



Philadelphia, Pa 



Riehmond. Va 



St. Louis, Mo 



St. Paul, Minn 



San Francisco. Cal-, . 

 Springfield, Mass... . 



Toledo, Ohio 



Wa-shiiigton, D. C. . 

 Wilmington, Del. . . . 



Large 

 parlts 

 and 

 park- 

 ways 



5 

 10 

 15 



14 



7 



24 



11 



15 



5 



7 



6 



10 



7 



10 



7 



5 



10 



22 



2.3 



17 



6 



4 



5 



16 



*4 



II 



8 



3 



2 



7 



5 



5 



Acreage 



283. 

 2,170.56 

 2,134.8 



9,427.88 



861 . 76 

 3,712.76 

 2,081 . 23 

 1,804.907 



662. 

 1,9.33.42 



259. 

 3,199.99 



644.32 

 1,. 582. 34 

 1,902.06 

 1,.364.9 



775.8.58 

 3,5.36.56 

 8,445. 

 1,481.85 



866.43 



395. 

 1,191. 

 6,437.1 

 *354. 

 2,620.30 



996.28 

 1,226. 



546.88 



869. 

 2,686.91 



405.62 



Other 

 spaces 



12 

 40 

 39 



14 

 49 



163 

 62 

 35 

 16 

 43 

 42 

 3 

 11 

 14 

 14 

 10 

 30 

 09 



129 

 15 

 7 

 4 

 11 

 93 

 *9 

 40 

 50 

 30 

 46 

 27 



400 

 26 



Acreage 



23.6 

 130.08 



415.88 



819.92 

 367.34 

 1,037.86 

 319.62 

 120.96 



55.26 

 575.08 

 117.9 



33.29 

 7.97 



79.88 



93.54 

 114.7 

 175.886 

 246.69 

 595. 



91.91 



51.44 



36. 

 121.. 38 

 366.01 

 *31. 

 144.27 

 127.21 

 624. 



48.35 



.337.65 



1,180.. 36 



66.55 



Total 

 acreage 



306.6 

 2,300.64 

 2,550.68 



10,247.80 

 1,229. 10 

 4,750.62 

 2,400.85 

 1,025.86 



717.26 

 2,.50S.50 



376.9 

 3,233.28 



652.29 

 1,602.22 

 1,995.60 

 1,479.6 



951 . 744 

 3,783.25 

 9,040. 

 1,. 573. 76 



918. 



431. 

 1,312.. 38 

 6,803.11 

 *385. 

 2,764 . 57 

 1,123.49 

 1,8.50 



595.23 

 1,206.65 

 3,807.27 



472.17 



Total 



appropriation 



and cost 



*.S2,135,700.00 



*10,000,000.00 



19,310,056.34 



19,134 



5,000 



*29,561 



3,390 



2,270 



1,163 



6,598 



*550 



5,893 



2,010 



3,478 



5,853 



*1,003 



5,893 



7,144, 



*50,000 



*20,0()0, 



2,06(1 



1,881 



16,3.55, 



*0,2.50, 



*1.32, 



3,079, 



2,701, 



3,744, 



*Ui9, 



.597, 



♦4,495, 



•422 



,462.34 

 ,000.00 

 060.00 

 189.76 

 159.58 

 ,.500.00 

 000.00 

 ,000.00 

 483.44 

 117.11 

 323.31 

 890.93 

 .520.00 

 „SS2.01 

 ,725.78 

 ,000.00 

 ,000.00 

 ,405.54 

 ,984,02 

 ,447.00 

 ,000.00 

 ,000.00 

 ,3(12.00 

 ,.5,S().24 

 ,605.00 

 (100.00 

 ,014.85 

 237 . 00 

 351.46 



Popula- 

 tion, 

 1910 



102,344 

 574,575 

 722,465 



1,520,470 

 446,889 



2,185,283 



398,452 



560,663 



94,238 



L'.':7.SN.') 



,si'.,7.»<.i 



512,hS(i 



105,107 



253,668 



273,943 



233,216 



408,683 



333,472 



3,667,216 



1,916,655 



131,093 



69,280 



557.773 



1,549,008 



127,628 



723,317 



231,533 



416,912 



88,926 



180,412 



348,077 



90,953 



Cost per 

 capita 



$20.86 

 17.40 

 28.80 



12.58 



11.19 



13.50 



8.50 



4.05 



12.35 



23.50 



6, 30 



11.50 



19.12 



13.71 



21.37 



4.30 



14.42 



21.42 



13.90 



10.45 



15.80 



27.16 



29.30 



4. 



1.03 

 4.25 

 11.66 

 8.98 

 1.90 

 3.30 

 12. 

 4.60 



3.3 u 



333 

 249 

 263 



148 

 364 

 459 

 166 

 299 

 130 

 123 

 230 

 158 

 139 

 152 

 137 

 158 

 429 

 88 

 405 

 1,218 

 142 

 160 

 425 

 228 



260 

 206 

 225 

 149 

 534 

 93 

 214 



