MACADAM I A 



MACHINERY 



1939 



davate at end, stigma small ; ovules 2: fr. globular; seeds 

 either solitary and globular or 2 and hemispherical; 

 testa membranous. 



temiffilia, F. Muoll. (Jukensland Ntit. Fig. 2'2tl. 

 In its typical form this is a tall tree, with dense foliage, 

 the young branches and intl. minutely pubescent: Ivs. 

 sessile or nearly so, glabrovis and shining, in whorls of 

 3 or 4, oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtuse, serrate or 

 entire, from a few inches to 1 ft. long: racemes almost 

 as long as the Ivs.; perianth minutely pubescent or 

 glabrous; ovarj' villous, style end clavate: fr. with a 2- 

 valved leathery exocarp, endocarp smooth and shining, 

 thick and very" hard; seeds 1 and globular or 2 and hemi- 

 spherical. Queensland and New S. Wales. (!.C. 1870: 

 llSl. — Other species are M. Whrlanii, Bailey, Queens- 

 land, a medium-sized tree; M. prcdlta, Baile.v, Queens- 

 hmd, sometimes lofty, wood of reddish color, useful 

 for cabinet-work, as is that of nearly all species; M. 

 Lowii, Bailey, Queensland, the IMaroochie nut, tree 15- 

 20 ft. high, forming 6-20 woody sts. from a hard, 

 spreading rhizome, and with a pointed, ribbed fr. about 

 1 in. diam., edible; M. m'Dior, Bailey, Queensland, the 

 small-fruited Queensland nut, small tree or large shrub, 

 sending up numerous sts. from base, Ivs. up to 2 in. 

 long, fr. up to 1 in. diam., velvety outside, sometimes 

 inversely conical in form, edible. — The Queensland nut 

 is cult, to a small extent in S. Calif, and S. Fla., and has 

 recently fruited in Cuba, where it appears to thrive. It 

 is slow in growth, rarely coming into bearing before 6-8 

 years of age, and delights in a deep rich loamy soil, 

 containing plenty of moisture. It ha.s succeeded in 

 Calif., however, with very little water, though its 

 growth under such conditions is natiuallj' slower. Sev- 

 eral distinct forms of the tree are thought to exist, 

 but the typical one is upright, sometimes .50 ft. in 

 height, with a clean trunk and a deep green luubra- 

 geous head of fohage. The nuts are about 1 in. diam., 

 with a hard shell about J^in. thick, which is rather 

 difficult to crack. The kernel is 3 iin. or more in diam., 

 white, crisp, and of a flavor resembling that of the 

 Brazil nut (BirlhoUetia excdsa) but milder and more 

 delicate. The tree is evergreen, and even while young 

 withstands slight frosts (perhaps 26° F.) uninjured. 

 For its ornamental appearance alone it is worthy of a 

 place in parks and gardens. Its close-grained reddish 

 timber is considered of value for cabinet-making. Prop. 

 is usually by seeds, which may be stratified in sand or 

 planted singly in pots of light, porous, sandy soil. If 

 planted during the summer or if artificial heat is pro- 

 vided they will usually germinate within a month or 6 

 weeks; otherwise they may take a long time. When the 

 seedlings make their appearance water should be given 

 sparingly, as they are likely to damp-off if kept too 

 wet. Plants may be set out in the open ground when 

 about 18 in. high, and should be staked to keep them 

 shapely. Practically no pruning is recjuired. A promis- 

 ing tree for intro. into the American tropics and the 

 warmest parts of the U. S. F. W. Popexoe. 



MACARANGA (the Madagascar name). Euphorbia- 

 ctx. Trees or shrubs, rarely cult, in greenhou.ses or in 

 tropical lands. Lvs. alternate, simple, entire, palmately 

 nerved, peltate: fls. ditecious or monoecious, incon- 

 spicuous, apetalous; calyx valvate; anthers .3-4-celled; 

 styles free, short, undivided; ovary 1-3-celled, 1 ovule 

 in" each cell. Species more than 100 in the ()ld World 

 tropics. Related to Mallotus and Mercurialis. Prop, 

 and cult, .similar to codieum. M. Fortifina, Amlre 

 (Mdppa Porleaim, Hort.), of Philippine Isls. .\ very 

 striking plant, with orbic\ilar-ovate, strongly ribbed 

 lvs. nearly 3 ft. wide, and small fls. in red panicles, is in 

 cult, in E"u. R.H. 1888, p. 176. G.C. III. 16:284. B.M. 

 7407. M. kilimandschnrica. Pax, resembles M. PorUviia 

 in habit, but is smaller, with peltate lvs., bronze-col- 

 ored when young. Gennan E. Air. The other species 

 appear not to be in cult. J. B. S. Xorton. 



MACFADYENA (Dr. J. Macfadyen, author of a 

 flora of .lamaica). Bignoniaccx. As defined by Ben- 

 tham & Hooker, 21 species of tall-climbing shrubs in 

 Trop. .Viner. and extra-Trop. S. Aiuer., including 

 Dolichandra; as defined by Schumann in lOngler & 

 Prantl, 3 si)ecies in S. Amer., excluding Dolichandra 

 and otlicrs. The jilant in the trade (otTered in S. Calif.) 

 is M. cynanchoides, Morong (or Dolichandra cynan- 

 choides, Cham.). It is a glabrous liana of S. Brazil 

 and .\rgentina: branches slender and terete: lvs. 

 opjiosite, of 2 ol)long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute 

 entire Ifts. and usually a ::i-parted tendril at end: fls. 

 single or few on the peduncle, red; calyx cut to the 

 middle, spathaceous; corolla long, tubular (2J<t in. 

 long); stamens 5, one being a rudiment^ exserted: 

 stigma exserted: fr. a caps. 3 in. long and ^-^in. wide. 



M. Jmtata, Schum. fBignonia Fraseri, Hort. B. Twccdiana, 

 Griscb., not Lindl. M. Twoodiana. Griseb.). A strong climber, 

 self-clinging, with .3-forked tendrils: Ifts. 2, ovate to ovate-oblong, 

 short-acuminate, dentate, lepidote on both sides, gloss.v above, \\i- 

 2>2 in. long: fls. axillary, solitary; calyx spht; corolla tuhular- 

 funnelform, yellow, 2 ! 2 in. long, outside lepidote: ovary lepidote: 

 caps linear, 7-12 in. long. Brazil to Argentina. Intro, in S. Calif. 



L. H. B 



MACHjERITJM TIPtJ: Tipuana spedosa. 



MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS. The Ameri- 

 can farmer is known by his tools and machinery. Labor 

 costs much and land relatively little. The American is 

 inventive. The result is that there is a tool to expedite 

 and lighten almost every labor. The effort of each man 

 is multiplied. Not only are the American tools numer- 

 ous and adapted to almost every agricultural laljor, but 

 they are trim, light and comely in design. 



A tool is properly a hand implement, used to facili- 

 tate mere manual labor. A machine is a contrivance, 

 usually more elaborate, that multipUes and transmits 

 power or motion. Yet tools and machines merge so 

 completely that it is impossible to make a definite cate- 

 gory of oiie or the other. The w ord implement is more 

 generic, and applies to any intermediary device by 

 means of which a man accomplishes a given work. 

 The phrase "agricultural implements," as used by 

 tradesmen, usually refers to both tools and machines. 

 In general discussions the word tool is used somewhat 

 indefinitely, as in this sketch ; but even then it does not 

 include complicated machinery. 



The machines and tools used by horticulturists may 

 be thrown into five general categories: 



1. To till the land, a-s plows, harrows, rollers, culti- 

 vators, weeders, hoes, rakes. See Tillage. 



2. To facilitate various handwork, as seed-sowers, 

 transplanters, markers, jiruning implements, and most 

 greenhouse devices. 



3. To facilitate the destruction of insects and fungi, 

 as fumigators, syringes, spraying devices. See Diseases 

 and Insects, Vol. II. 



4. To transport, as carts, barrows. 



6. To aid in packing and sorting. See article on 

 Packing. 



In the multiplicity of tools, one is often at a loss what 

 to jiurch.ase. The buyer should have a definite idea of 

 the kind of labor that he needs to have performed and 

 he should then consider how well adapted the tool may 

 be to perform it. Once juirchased, the tools should be 

 cared for. .\ tool-shetl or -room is the greatest conveni- 

 ence and often good economy. Labor is expedited and 

 annoyance saved if each tool has its place. Every 

 farm or garden should be [irovided with a room that 

 can be w;irmed in cold weather, in which reiiairs can 

 be m;ide on machinery and implements. No farm 

 establishment is comiilete without such a room. The 

 care of tools not only contributes to the longevity and 

 usefulness of the implements themselves, but it sets di.s- 

 tinct ide:ils before the farmer and thereby is a means of 

 educating him. The greater the variety and the better 

 the quality of the tools the more alert the user of them 



