MARKETING 



MARSILEA 



2U();5 



goods they ordered. In 1914, over :J00 carloads of fer- 

 tilizers were purcluised at a savins^ of $18,000 to the 

 members; largo quantities of other supjilies were pur- 

 ehaseil, as |)ulp, lieails, nails, graas, clover, vetch and 

 oat seed, Hour, feed, arsenate of lead, wire fence, hme- 

 siilfur and tobacco sulfate. 



.\s a further cooi)eratrve function, the central office 

 handles all of the fire insurance business of the sub- 

 sitliary companies of insuring the packing-houses and 

 contents, thus saving the commission previously paid 

 to agents. A weekly newspaper called the "Cooperative 

 News" is publislied from the central office. 



The total selling expenses in 1914 were exactly 4 cents 

 a barrel, or I's per cent on the volume of business. 



For discussions of methods of sorting, grading and 

 boxing fruits and other products, see the article Pack- 

 ing, Vol. V. H. J. Eustace. 



MARKHAMIA (after C. R. Markham, who Intro, 

 the Cinchon:is into India). Bignoniacc;e. A genus of 

 10 African and 2 Asiatic tropical evergreen trees or 

 shrubs with large opposite odd-pinnate Ivs. usually 

 with pseudostipulcs in the axils, glabrous or pubescent: 

 fls. in large tenninal or axillary panicles; calyx spathe- 

 hke, sphtting on one side; corolla tubular-funnelform, 

 usually yellow with red or purple stripes inside; sta^ 

 mens 4, included, with spreatling anther-cells; ovary 

 with 4 rows of ovules in each cell: caps, linear, loculi- 

 cidally dehiscent into 2 leathery valves, the true 

 septum small, with a much larger false septum in its 

 middle parallel to the valves; seeds oblong, winged at 

 the ends. — Only the following species is cult, in S. 

 Calif, and it is, even without fis., a handsome foliage 

 plant. Cult, like Radermachia, to wliich it is closely 

 related. 



platycalyx, Sprague. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. J'^-l ft. 

 long, with suborbicular pseudostipules J^-1 in. broad 

 in the axils; Ifts. .5-9, short-stalked, elliptic-oblong to 

 obovate, abruptly and obtusely acuminate, entire or 

 serrate, lepidote, 2-5J^ in. long: panicles terminal or 

 axillary, rather dense; caljTC boat-shaped, pubescent 

 and lepidote, J^in. long; corolla yellow, inside striped 

 red, lepidote, inside and outside, veined, the tube 

 1/^-1/ 2 in. long, the elliptic-obovate lobes about } iin- 

 long: caps, linear, 1 ft. long. Uganda. H.I. 28:2800. — 

 Said to yield the finest timber in Uganda. 



Alfred Rehdeb. 



MARROW, VEGETABLE: Squash. 



MARRUBIUM (ancient name, referring to the bitter 

 qualities). Litbiutx. Hoahhound. Hobehound. A 

 familiar aromatic herb. 



Marrubium corapri.ses perennials branched from the 

 biise, mostly silky or woolly, with wTinkled and crenate 

 or cut Ivs., and many-fid. axillary whorls of small white 

 or purjilish fls.: calj'x tubular, ."j-lO-nerved and with 5 

 or 10 awl-shaped teeth; corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip 

 erect and notched or entire, the lower spreading and 

 3-cleft; stamens 4, didj-namous, not exserted; ovary 

 deeply 4-lobed (making 4 smooth nutlets), the style 

 2-Iobed. — Species 150-40, in Eu., N. Afr. and e.xtra^trop. 

 Asia.; one widely naturahzed in the U. S. 



vulgare, Linn. Common, Horehotjnd. Height 1-3 

 ft.: sts. ascending, woolly or tomentose: Ivs. ovate to 

 round-ovate, stalked: calyx with 10 recurved teeth, 

 the alternate ones shorter: fls. whitLsh. Summer. — Now 

 found as an escape from gardens in wast« places of 

 nearly everj' country of the world. Horehound is used 

 in large quantities for confections and medicines for 

 coughs .and colds. 



candidissimum, Linn. Foliage silverj' gray, flannel- 

 like, the branches long: perennial: Ivs. ovate, cren.ate: 

 fls. whitish, in large niany-fld. fascicles; calyx-teeth 

 subulate, rigid, si)r(ading, usually .'>, but .sometimes 

 ft-10. Spain .to Caspian Mts. L. H. B. 



MARSDENIA (William Marsden, 1754-1836, wrote a 

 history of Sumatra). Anclepiadacese. Mostly twining 

 shrubs of warm countries, a few of them sometimes 

 planted for ornament; some of them medicinal and 

 yielding dye and fiber. 



The genus is allied to Stephanotis, which has large 

 white fls., while those of Marsdenia are smaller and usu- 

 ally ])urphsh, lurid, greenish or pallid. Lvs. opposite: 

 cjaiies umbel-shaped, simijle or branched, terminal or 

 axillary; calyx .5-parted; corolla bell-, urn- or salver- 

 shajied; lobes narrow or broad, overlapping to the right; 

 cro^\^l of 5 scales: seeds comose, in a more or less fleshy 

 follicle. — In tropical and subtropical countries around 

 the world, the species probably being nearly 100. 

 Gqnus rather heterogeneous. 



Roylei, Wight. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, 2-4 in. wide, ovate- 

 cordate, acuminate, pubescent or tomentose beneath; 

 petioles 1J2-2 in. long: cymes 1-1} 2 in. across; fls. .3-4 

 Unes in diam.; corolla somewhat bell-shaped; lobes 

 large, fleshy, pubescent; stigma not extended beyond 

 the anthers. Himalayas, 4,000-5,000 ft. altitude. 



macrophylla, Fourn. Woody twiner: lvs. large, oval, 

 acuminate, the base truncate or subcordate, glabrous, 

 somewhat glaucous beneath: calyx deejily cut, the 

 segms. large, oval, obtuse; corolla-tube glabrous, the 

 Umb spreading, anil the lobes oval and short-ciliate on 

 margin. Brazil; Paraguay (?). — Offered in S. Calif. 



verrucQsa, Decne. Twining, the branches thick: 

 lvs. broadly or nearly orbicular-cordate, abruptly 

 acuminate, glabrous, glandular at top of petiole: fls. 

 many, in a short cluster; corolla-lobes ovate, somewhat 

 emarginate, barbed; lobes of corona lanceolate and 

 fleshy. Madagascar. — Offered abroad. 



M. Cundurdngo, Rcichb. f. (Gonolobus Cundurango. Triana), of 

 Kcuador and Colombia, yields the medicinal conduranjio bark: 

 liana: lvs. round-oblong, acute, hairy beneath: fls. whitish, the 

 corolla somewhat canipanulate. — M, ericta, R. Br., is fairly hardy 

 at Arnold Arboretum: fls. white, fragrant: Ivs. cordate-ovate. S. 

 E. Eu., Syria. — M. fmthurnii, Hems!. A vigorous twining shrub 

 with long hanging branches and fls. resembling a Hoya: lvs. ample, 

 long-petioled, rather thick and soft and bullate (blistered), cordate- 

 ovate: fls. about i2in. across, purple, hairy, in dense globular very 

 short-stalked axillary umbellate cymes. British Guiana. B.M. 7953. 



L. H. B. 



MARSHALLIA (Humphrey Marshall, wrote "Arbus- 

 tum Americanum," 1785, the first American work on 

 trees and shrubs; also founded one of the first Ameri- 

 can botanic gardens). Compositse. Perennial North 

 American herbs, useful in outdoor planting. 



Tufted plants, growing about 1 ft. high, with entire 

 lvs. and scapes bearing sohtary rayless heads about 

 1}.^ in. across: involucre hemispheric or bell-shaped, 

 its bracts narrow and green; fls. all perfect and fertile; 

 pappus of 5-6 acute or acuminate scales. — About a 

 half-dozen species. All may be grown in the open 

 border in the N. and they may be prop, by division in 

 the spring. Supposed to suggest the scabious. The 

 blue anthers give a peculiar effect to the fls. 



caespitosa, Nutt. Tufted, glabrous: lvs. spatulate- 

 Unear; upper ones linear: bracts of the involucre 

 linear: disk-fls. pale rose or white: seeds inversely 

 pyramidal, villous on the angles. Limestone soil. Mo., 

 to Texas. B.M. 3704. 



grandiflora, Beadle & Boynton. Like the next 

 except tliat the st.-lvs. are oblong-lanceolate and acute 

 or obtuse. Moist soil. Pa. to W. Va. and N. C. 



trinervia, Walt. St. simple or branched, usually 

 leafy about half way up: lvs. acuminate at the apex, 

 narrowed to a practically stalkless base: fls. pur])lish 

 sometimes whitish, pink; bracts of the involucre 

 Mnear-lanceolate. Va., south. f^ Taylor. t 



MARSH MALLOW: AUhxa officinalis. 



MARSILEA (Giovanni Marsigli, Italian botanist of 

 last part of the 18th century, or Aloys Ferd., Graf von 

 Marsigli, 1658-1730). ,\faridle.acea:. Aquatic flower- 

 less plants related to ferns (:ib<)ut 40 species), with 



