NORTH AMERICAN STATES 



NORTH AMERICAN STATES 2173 



The production of orchard fruits in New Jersey in 

 1909 was 2,372,358 bushels, vahied at $1,975,044. 

 Apples produced nearly three-fifths of this quantity, 

 peaches and nectarines and pears most of the remainder. 

 The production of apples in 1909 was 1,406,778 bushels, 

 valued at $950,108. The number of ajiple trees of 

 bearing age in 1910 was 1,0.53,626 anil those not 

 of bearing age 519,749. Peach and nectarine trees of 

 bearing age in 1910 numbered 1,216,476; those not of 

 bearing age, 1,363,632, and the jiroduction in 1909 was 

 441,440 bushels, valued at $652,771. The number of 

 pear trees of bearing age in 1910 was 731,616; those not 

 of bearing age, 238,401, and the production in 1909 was 

 463,290 bushels, valued at $254,582. Other fruits 

 produced in 1909 were: 44,636 bushels of cherries, 

 valued at $87,225; 9,594 bushels of plums and prunes, 

 valued at $13,476; 6,442 bushels of quinces, valued at 

 $10,583; and 178 bushels of apricots, valued at $299. 



The production of grapes increased from 4,235,000 

 pounds in 1899 to 6,.50l,221 pounds in 1909, valued at 

 $132,957. The grape-vines of bearing age in 1910 

 numbered 1,603,280; those not of bearing age, 558,945. 



The total production of nuts in 1909 was 249,626 

 jiounds, valued at $7,116. The production of the more 

 important of the individual nuts was 151,828 pounds 

 of black walnuts, valued at $2,766; 62,243 pounds of 

 hickory-nuts, valued at $2,468; and 25,987 pounds of 

 chestnuts, valued at $1,413. 



Strawberries are the most important of the small- 

 fruits grown in New Jersey, with cranberries second in 

 importance. The acreage of strawberries decreased 

 from 8,746 in 1899 to 8,684 in 1909, when the produc- 

 tion was 18,767,473 quarts, valued at .$929,108. The 

 acreage of cranberries increased from 8,356 in 1899 to 

 9,030 in 1909, when the production was 12,072,288 

 quarts, valued at $504,026. The acreage of blackberries 

 and dewberries decreased from 5,254 in 1899 to 4,332 

 in 1909, when the production was 5,456,789 quarts, 

 valued at $313,480. Raspberries and loganberries 

 decreased in acreage from 2,240 in 1899 to 1,744 in 

 1909, when the production was 2,143,877 quarts, valued 

 at $178,579. The production of goose- 

 berries in 1909 was 221,337 quarts, 

 valued at $16,171; and that of currants 

 161,223 quarts, valued at $12,761. 



The potato industry increa.sed from 

 an acreage of .52,896 in 1899 to 72,991 in 

 1909, when the production was 8,057,424 

 bushels, valued at $4,979,900. The sweet 

 potato and yam acreage increased from 

 20,588 acres in 1899 to 22,504 in 1909, 

 when the production was 3,186,499 

 bushels, valued at $1,.527,074. Of the 

 other vegetables produced in New Jer- 

 sey in 1909, the more prominent were; 

 26,552 acres of tomatoes, valued at 

 $2,131,973; 5,148 acres of asparagus, 

 valued at $602,317; 10,442 acres of sweet 

 corn, valued at $557,708; 4,864 acres of 

 cabbage, valued at $368,454; 3,861 acres 

 of cantaloupes and muskmelons, valued 

 at $306,073; 3,740 acres of green beans, 

 valued at 8238,149; 4,912 acres of green 

 peas, valued at $208,934; 621 acres of 

 celery, valued at $201,7.35; 1,417 bushels of onions, 

 valued at $171,344; and 2,226 acres of watermelons, 

 valued at $137,584. Other vegetables produced were 

 beets, carrots, cauliflower, cucvimbers, eggplant, horse- 

 radish, lettuce, parsley, parsnips, green peppers, pump- 

 kins, radishes, rhubarb, .spinach, squash and turnijjs. 



The acreage devoted to the flower and plant industry 

 increased from 613 in 1899 to 1,436 in 1909. The area 

 under glass in 1909 was 8,840,511 .square feet, of which 

 7,984,752 were covered by greenhouses and 855,759 

 by sashes and frames. The value of the flowers and 

 plants producer! in 1909 was $2,857,709. 



Nursery products increased in acreage from 1,782 in 

 1899 to 2,167 in 1909, when the nursery ijroducts were 

 valued at $681,814, as compared with .$339,926 in 1899. 



M. A. Blake. 

 Pennsylvania. 



Pennsylvania (Fig. 2495) is the second state in the 

 Union in population, although only the thirty-second in 

 size. It is located between parallels 39° 40' and 42° 

 north, and in longitude between 75° and 80° 30' west. 

 It is roughly rectangular in shape, averaging 285.8 

 miles in length and 157.8 miles in width, about 65 per 

 cent of its area being in farms. The large unfarmed area 

 remaining is due chiefly to the fact that the entire 

 Appalachian system swings diagonally across the state, 

 leaving most of it rough and mountainous. It is also 

 partly due to the great strength of the coal-mining and 

 the gas, ]3etroleum and lumbering industries, some of 

 which, however, are now on the wane. In altitude, the 

 state varies from practically sea-level in the Phila- 

 delijhia section to a height of nearly 3,000 feet in the 

 central mountain and plateau region, and then sinks 

 again to about 600 feet above sea-level along the Lake 

 Erie shore. 



The precipitation varies considerably in different 

 localities, owing largely to their relation to the adjacent 

 mountains, but in general it is satisfactory. Towanda 

 is in one of the lowest sections, with an annual aver- 

 age of only 34.6 inches. From this, the average rises 

 to 38.2 inches at Erie and to 40.9 inches annually at 

 Philadelphia. At Pittsburgh, State College and Har- 

 risburg, the averages have been 36.2, 38.9, and 36.9 

 inches respectively, over observation periods ranging 

 from twenty to sixty-three years. At State College, 

 the extremes during the last thirty years have been 25.2 

 and 45.8 inches. 



The annual temperatures also naturally vary con- 

 siderably as a result of mountain or of water influences. 

 At representative points in the state the records show 

 the following averages over long periods: Erie, 48.8°; 

 Pittsburgh, 52.7°; State College, 48.6°; Towanda, 



2495". Pennsylvania, sliowing the three main sections. 



47.8°; Harrisburg, 51.6°; and Philadelphia, 52°. Simi- 

 larly the records show that the average growing .season, 

 or the average period between killing frosts, is especially 

 variable, showing the great influence of altitude or of 

 large bodies of water on the average length of the frost- 

 free period. 



Looking at the general surface of the state in greater 

 detail, it is seen that it is divider! into three great sec- 

 tions. The first of these lies east and south of the Blue 

 Moimtains, which rim in a broad curving line from 

 Franklin Coimty around north of Harrisburg to the 

 northern side of Northampton County. This section 



