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NIPHAR 



NURSERY 



or bn>wii; petals shorter than tin- stsvmcns, ficshy and 

 tninoato; sepals li; stigma nearly entire, yellow or pale 

 reil, 12-24-raveil. N. V., southward and westward. 

 Mn. 1:17. G.C. II. 20:557. V.2:l',»7. Var. variegatum, 

 Kngelm.. with floating Ivs. only (none ereet), elosed 

 sinus, petioles Hat on one sitle and lis. partly purple, 

 oeeurs from New Bruns. to Brit. Col., Iowa, N. Ohio, 

 and the nunnitains of Pa. 



rubrodiscum, Morong. Lvs. somewhat smaller; sul)- 

 nierged lvs. usually present: fls. 1-1 ' 2 in. across, yellow: 

 sepals 5-0; stigma erenately toothed, bright red or eriiu- 

 «in, ',)-13-rayed. New Bruns. to Mu'h. and Pa. 



polysepalum, Engelm. Larger than A^ advena, the 

 Ivs. thret--fourths as broad as long, erect in shallow 

 water and floating in deep water: fls. 4-5 in. across, 

 yellow, the sepals iV-12, and the petals 12-18, cuncatc. 

 Colo., Wyo. and northwestward. 



likteum, Sibth. it Smith. Kiikope.vn Yellow Pond- 

 Lily. Lvs. cordate-ovate, floating or rising little above 

 the water; petiole triangular: fls. yellow, somewhat 

 fragrant, smaller than those of A^ advena, the sejials 5, 

 jictals very numerous; stigmas 10-30-rayed, with 

 entire margin. Eu. 



BB. Plant slender, uflen delicate. 



minimum, Reichb. (.Y. piiinilum, Smith). Slender: 

 Ivs. small, oblong, with a tlec]) sinus and spre.ading 

 lobes; petiole slender, 2-edged: fls. 1 in. or less across, 

 yellow; sepals 5; petals 9-12; stigma 8-r2-rayed, yeUow, 

 margin prominently indented. Eu. — Easily cult, and 

 free- flowering. 



microphyllum, Pers. (A^. Kalmianum, R. Br.). Very 

 slender, with prominent submerged lettuce-like lvs., 

 the emersed ones floating and only i or 4 in. long: fl. 1 

 in. or less across, yellow, with sepals antl thin spatulate 

 petals; stigma 7-10-rayed, dark red. New Bruns. to Pa. 

 and ^Iinn. and southward. 



A.4. Lvs. long-sagittate or narrow-ohlong. 



sagittaefdlium, Pur.sh. Rather stout: emersed lvs. 

 floating, about 1 ft. long and '2-'.i in. wide, sinus open; 

 submerged lvs. similar in shape, crispate, numerous: 

 fls. 1 in. across, yellow, the sepals 5, the petals spatu- 

 late; stigma 11-15-rayed: fr. almost cylindric. N. and 

 S. C. 



japonicum, DC. Similar to the last. Submerged lvs. 

 large, crisped: fl. 2-3 in. across: fr. flask-shaped. Japan. 

 — A form with red-tipped stamens and sepals is cult. 



Henry S. Con.uid. 



NURSERY: in horticulture, an estabhshment for 

 the rearing of plants. I'roperly, a nursery exists for the 

 rearing of any kind of plant, but in America the word 

 is restricted to an establishment devoted to the growing 

 of hardy, more particularly woody ])lants. This is be- 

 cau.se of the early and great development of orcharding 

 and tree-planting and the relative infrequency at that 

 time of glass structures and jirivate estates employing 

 gardeners. 



In North America the nursery business, as we now 

 know it, is practically an institution of the la,st een- 

 turj', although there were nurseries more than a cen- 

 furj- ago. Consult pages 151t>-151S for .an historical 

 sketch of the nurserj' bu.sine.ss; also in Vol. Ill the 

 biographies of nurserj-men, as Barrj-, Berckmans, 

 Brackett, Bu.sh, Cole, Conard, D.artt, Douglas, Downer, 

 Ellwangcr, Carey, Heikes, Hogg, lloopes, Hovey, 

 Kenrick, Kerr, Lftwelling, Manning, Meehan, Moon, 

 Muns')n, Parsons, Prince, Ragan, Ri'asont^r, Rock, 

 Ro<"ding, Saul, Saunders, Shiim, Smith, Stark, Te!i.s, 

 Tliornas, Wharton, Woolverton, and others. 



A.s early as 17f>H, according to .J. H. Hale, the New 

 York Sf)ciety for Promotion of .\rts awarde(l Thomas 

 Young a premium of £10 for the largest number of 

 apjile trees, the number being 27,12.'5 But the htrge 

 trailing nursery developf;d simultaneously with the 



great orchard-planting industry' which began in western 

 New \'ork and extended westward, and, since the Civil 

 War, to the southward. The largest nursery center of 

 North America, considering the number of persons 

 engaged and the variety of stock grown, is western 

 Nr«- ^Ork, uith heatkiuarters in Rochester. Nearly 

 one-ninth of all the nurseries enumerated in 1890 were 

 in New York state, and the.se establishments employed 

 a capital of over .112,000,000. In 1909, New York still 

 led in the vaha^ of nursery ])roducts. Very extensive 

 nursery enterprises are now established in many other 

 parts of the country, and it is probable that the center of 

 the nursery business will move westward. 



In America, nursery stock is grown on a broad or 

 extensive rather than intensive scale. This is particu- 

 larly true of fruit-trees. These trees are to be set in 

 wide and o])en orchards, and the nursery practices are 

 therefore very imlike those that obtain in Europe. 

 In the latter country, for example, fruit-trees are 

 trained in the nursery row to assume definite shapes. 

 Some are trained for standards, — to grow to one 

 straight, bare trunk. Others are trained for bush 

 specimens, some for growing on walls and espaliers, 

 some with round heads, some with conical heads, and 

 the like. It is the pritle of the American nurseryman, 

 however, that his rows shall be jjerfectly even and uni- 

 form. Any break in this uniformity is considered 

 to be a blemish. If every tree could be a duplicate of 

 every other, his ideal would be attained. Ordinarily, 

 fruit trees are trained to single stems, the top starting 

 at 2 or 3 feet from the ground. 



All fruit trees are budded or grafted. In early days, 

 piece root-grafting the apple was a conunon practice in 

 the eastern states; but it has gradually given way to 

 budding and thereby a top is supplied with one whole 

 strong root. Iti some places, however, root-grafting is 

 still pojiular, jjartly because more than one tree may 

 be made from an individual root, and partly because 

 it allows the operator to use a long cion and to put 

 the foster root far below the surface, thereby allowing 

 the cion to send out its own roots and causing the tree 

 to become own-rooted and to have a known hardiness. 



In the use of whole roots, rather than pieces, there 

 is apiiarently little or no difference in the orchard 

 between the budded and grafted trees; but when graft- 

 ing is performed on pieces of root, the results are likely 

 to be unsatisfactory. Some varieties of apple, among 

 which may be mentioned Cirimes Golden, are not long- 

 lived, being subject to collar-rot or other disabilities. 

 To correct this fault, nurserymen double-work these 

 weak varieties on the bodies of hardy long-hved, resist- 

 ant trees such as Northern Spy and others. 



There are many diseases and pests in the growing of 

 all kinds of nursery stock, and these are now treated in 

 ofiicial publications of government and experiment 

 stations. The extent of these dangers has resulted in 

 special laws and regulations to control the spread of 

 pests an<l disea.ses. See Inspection., page 1647. 



The most widespread and fundamental difficulty, 

 however, is the inability to grow many crops of trees 

 on the same land with good results. In fact, in the ca.se 

 of fruit-trees, it is u.sually considered that land which 

 has been "treed" is therefore unfit for the growing of 

 other fruit stock until it shall have rested in clover or 

 other crops for a period of five years or more. Orna- 

 iiKnital stock is often grown continuously on the same 

 land with good results, even when the same species is 

 grown. This is largely due to the fact that ornamental 

 sto(^k is solfl by its size and not by its age, and there- 

 fore rai)i<lity of growth is not so important as it is in 

 the ease of fruit-trees. It has been supposed that this 

 necessity of rotaticm is due to the exhaustion of certain 

 ])lant-food eU'ments from the soil. It has been found 

 by exj)eriments, however, that such is not the case. The 

 chief ditfic'ulty seems to be physical. Lands that are 

 devotcfl to nursery stock for one crop, which is from 



