2;uK) 



NUTS 



NUTS 



r»»n»ainsi after the oil has btn-n exprossod is usmI as n cattlc-food and 

 .■*ji a fortilinT. To a hirKf extent, the nuts are strung on the fibers of 

 ;» (vihn leaf and iistxl as an illuniinant by the natives where the spe- 

 i-iejs ar\' ^rown. 



The trenus is native to the milder parts of the North Temperate, 

 :\U'\ the northern portion of the Tropienl Zone of the Orient. The 

 K".V\r,- of Kori'iKn i>tHxl and Fhint Introdvietioii has introduced the 

 u.-yi-oil triH's into the soutliern states and CaUfornia, where their 

 cuh'.ire promises to beeonie an iiniiortaiit industry. 



The tollowinj; list ineludes the more important species and sev- 

 eral of the eonmion names by which the fruits are known: ,4. Fordii, 

 Chinese w^*od-4>il nut. tunp yu; .'1. mollucrana {A. triloba), cundle- 

 nut. Spj*nish walnut. Tahiti, or country wuhiut, kukui of Hawaii; 

 A. montana. Mu-yu wootl-oil. 



Anacardium occidentale. Cashew. CAcnKw. Acajou. Caja. 

 C\Jor. MoNKKY-XiT. Atiacardiacex. Kidney-shaped nuts, an 

 ineh or more long, by about "sineh wide and more than J-'iineh in 

 thickness, with a double outer shell, between which is an oily, dark 

 browni.-^h fluid, very acrid and possessing extremely poisonous prop- 

 erties similar to those of poisons ivy and sumac, to which the species 

 is closely related. The outer shell is smooth and ivory-like in appear- 



2539. /, Caryocar, husk above, nut below; 2, TeLairia; 3, Betel-nut, Areca; 4, GevU' 



6, Pili-nut, Canarium; 7, Semecarpus; 5, Trapa natans; 9, Trapa 



ina; 5, Pistacia; 

 bispinosa. iXH) 



ance.rifrid and tough but thin and easily cut. The kernels are firm, 

 cw*-f-t. and ver>' agreeable when roasted. The nuts are formed on 

 the find of a fleshy pear-wfiaped pedicel. Figs. S'.i, 192, Vol. I. 



Cashew-nut^ do not appear in the market until after the poison- 

 ous properties have been entirely dispelled by roasting and the 

 wholfrsome kernels have been separated from the shells. The species 

 in native to the West Indies. It is now cultivated to a very large 

 extent throu|(hout the American tropica, both north and south of 

 the equator. 



Apios tuberosa. Groundnut. Wild Bean. Lef/uminosx. The 

 numerous, riark brown, fl^-ahy tubers from 1 to 2 inches in length, 

 by 1 to Hi inchrw in diameter, and of somewhat irregular, oval or 

 rounded form, which are borne on the rootstocka of an elegant 

 twining perennial. Little use is made of the^c tubers, although they 

 arf said to have a ri^h nutty flavor when properly prepared. The 

 Bp«-eif* is native to lowlands of the eastern part of the United States, 

 from Pennsylvania on the north, to Georgia on the south. Fig. 233. 



Arachis hypogaea. Pkanut. Goohkr. Pindar. Groundnut. 

 GBOirND Pea. Manila-Nut. Monkky-Nut. Uauminoitx. Famil- 

 iar atraw-colore^I, oblong nuts, with thin fibrous, papery shells, 

 r'< jfi'l'd nt t.hf crnds. and eonstrict^jd at the middle, common at all 

 They are the weds of a low-growing annual which 

 -'in under ground while they are maturing. Kxtensively 

 •i the southern part of the United States and elsewhere 



lh.'it ,-^;ii.Vjrjrt fH'-Timt. 



The conHtrif-tion at the middle forms a partition between the 

 two end ehamt>eni, t^ch of which contains a sm^le nutritious kernel. 

 Thc«e are mo«t commonly eaten when roasted, although to a large 



extent they are used when raw or boiled. The nuts arc very rich 

 in a valuable oil, useful in cooking and in the making of salads. 



Areca Catechu. Betkl-Nut. Arkca-Nut. Pinanc. Palmacex. 

 Fig. 2r>;i'.l. The seed of an eastern tropical palm, which in size, 

 general character and color much resembles the ordinary nutmeg. 

 In form the "nuts" are not unlike the acorns of white oak, except 

 that they are more rounded at the apex. To an enormous extent, 

 betel-nuts are clipped in lime, wrapped in betel leaves (Piper betle) 

 and chewed by the natives of the tropics, esffecially of India and 

 the Philippines. The effect of betel-chewing is much the same as 

 that of tobacco-chewing in this country. Fig. 367. 



Attalea Cohune. Cohune-Nut. CAnoux-NuT. Palmaccs:. The 

 oval or fusiform seeils of the cohune palm of Central America. 

 Typi<":il specimens measure from 2 to 2 ' :• Inehcs in length, by about 

 11-2 inrhes ill Kr<-:it<-st aiaiiieter. Witliin the sliell. which is fully »8 

 inch in diaiiieter and \er\' hard, is a siiitile cHiiitical kernel. Cohune- 

 nut oil has long been used in the manufacture of soap and as an 

 af^lulterant for coconut oil. At present "There is practically an 

 unlimited demand for all of these (palm) oils in the European 

 niargarin trade, where they are now preferred to oleo oil and neutral 

 lard as a hardening ingredient." — "Daily Consular and Trade 

 Keports," June 27,1914. 



Attalea funifera. Coquilla-Nut. Palm- 

 aces:. Seeds of a rich brown color, 3 or 4 

 inches long, oval and of very hard texture. 

 Used as a substitute for ivory in the manu- 

 facture of door-knobs, umbrella handles, 

 buttons and various other commodities of 

 the household. From a lofty South Ameri- 

 can palm. Fruits borne in large clusters. 



Bassia latifolia (Madhuca indica). Il- 

 LipE- or Ili.upe-Nut. Sapotacese. The 

 lons-oval, smooth-surfaced, coffee- colored 

 seed of a tree native to the East Indies. 

 Tj-pical seeds measure approximately IJ2 

 inches in length by ^2 inch in diameter. 

 According to the "Daily Consular and 

 Trade Reports," "Illipe-nuts are used to 

 manufacture an edible oil similar to lard." 

 This report further says: "There are two 

 crops a year, one large and one small. The 

 large crop is now (August 12) nearly finished 

 and a new crop will come in from March 

 to June. 1912." 



Bertholletia excelsa. Bhazilnut. But- 

 ternut. NicjGEH-ToE. Cream-Nut. Para- 

 Nut. Castanea or Castana (corruption 

 of "Castanha," Portuguese word for cnest- 

 nut). JuviA-NuT. MyrtacesE. The seeds of 

 certain very large, uncultivated trees, com- 

 mon to great areas of the river-bottom sec- 

 tions of northern Brazil. Grown in a spheri- 

 cal or pear-shaped capsule of 2 ? 2 or 3 inrhes 

 in diameter, having a hard, woody, outer 

 wall, within which are encased from eigh- 

 teen to twenty-four of the nuts. The cap- 

 sule is covered with a dark brown outer 

 husk greatly resembling that of the walnut. 

 The nuts which are sharply triangular, 

 measure from IJ^ to 2 or more inches in 

 length, by J'g to 1 inch in greatest diameter. 

 They hpve a single, solid kernel, sweet and 

 very good, which is protected by a some- 

 what rough, rigid but thin shell, to which 

 it often closely adheres. Fig. 543. 



Received into this country for consump- 

 tion in enormous quantities during the 

 months of spring and early summer, and 

 held in storage until the following season. 



Brosimum Alicastnun {Piraiinera AH- 

 castram). Bread-Nut of Jamaica. Morn- 

 cex. The small roundish, yellow or brownish seeds, an inch or less 

 in diameter, of a large tropical American tree. These seeds are 

 borne singly or sometimes two in a thin paper-like, but stout 

 shell, with smooth and somewhat granular surface. They are edible 

 only aftr-r cooking or roasting. 



Bunium Bulbocastanum. Lousy-Nut. Earth-Nut. Eabth- 

 Chestnut. Hawk-Nut. Kipfeh-Nut. Pig-Nut. Ar-Nuts. 

 Yer-Nuts. Jur-Nuts. Umbcllifera\ Small nut-like tubers which 

 form on the roots of plants of this species. They have a sweetish 

 taste a[id are eaten tiy children, either raw or roasted. Rather 

 too acid for adults uidess roasted. From western Europe. 



Butyrospermum Parkii. Shea-Nut. Sapofact^a\ The shea-nut 

 is the seed of an extensive African tree (butter tree) which according 

 to Consul W. J. Yerby, "Daily Consular and Trade Reports," in 

 Sierra Leone, British Africa, grows to a height of over 40 feet. 

 "The nut," he says, "is of about the size and shape of a walnut, 

 but is covered with a smooth skin resembling that of a Spanish 

 chestnut, which can be pulled off in the same way when fresh. 

 Inside this skin is a soft kernel of a light yellow color when fresh, and 

 chocolate color when dry, which contains a large proportion of fatty 

 material, that when extracted is called shea butter. 



"The outside fleshy pulp, whose weight is approximately equal 

 to that of the nut, rots away in time and splits, leaving the nut 

 exposed. The natives hasten its removal liy burying the freshly 

 gathered fruit in a pit for some days. The nuts, divested of their 

 outer covering (pulp), are dried, either by being placed in the sun 

 for about twelve days or by heating in an earth oven. In this process 

 the nut loses 30 to 40 per cent of its weight. The skin is removed and 



