70 



A SYNOPSIS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM 



wixvi is obtainixl fniin TccIoiki gniuilig of farthiT Indiii 

 and the K:uit liulit-s. Tlio wliito inansrove Ircos of 

 Hni7.il lii'loiiK to various spcfics of the tribe Aviceiuiia'. 



Aseore of tienera are in eullivation in North America. 

 Among these are: .Xmsonia, a greenlionse shrub; Calh- 

 carpa. gnxMihoiise or hardy shrubs; Carvopteris, a 

 shrub, not hardy; C'lerodeiidron (Turk's 'rtirbanl, 

 greenhouse or h:irdy; Duniiila (tiolden Dewdrop), eiil- 

 tivattxi in the .South; l.aiitaiia, fireeiihouse or bedding; 

 herbs or shrubs; l,ip|)ia U-<''iion \ Crbena), fireenhouse 

 or hanly slirubs or herbs; I'llra'a (Purple ^^'^eatll), 

 Creonhouse elimber; Verbena, beddiiin or {jreenhou.se 

 herbs; Vitex (Chaste Tree, Hemp Tree, Monk's Pepper 

 TnH'V semi-hardy shrubs or trees. 



195. Labiatse (the name refers to the 2-lipped [bila- 

 biate] character of the corolla of most s])ecies). I\Iint 

 F.\MILV. Fig. .51. Herbs or shrubs, commonly with a 

 four-angknl stem, and usually containing a fragrant 

 oil: leaves opposite or whorled: flowers bisexual, very 

 rarely unisexual, irregular, rarelj- regular, usually 

 bilabiate; calyx .5-toothed or cleft, regular or 2-lipped; 

 corolla 5-lobed. rarely 4-lobed, gainoijetalous and 

 hypogynous, 1 lip sometimes obsolete, the lobes im- 

 bricated; stamens 4, didynamoiis, or only 2, epipet- 

 alous; hypograous disk well developed, thick, entire 

 or lobed; ovary superior, of 2 carpels, deeply 4-lobe(.l, 

 4-<'elled. each cell l-ovuled; style basal or sub-basal; 

 stigmas 2: fruit of 4 1-seeded nutlets; the ectocarp 

 rarely fleshy. 



One liunilnil and fifty-seven genera and about 2,800 

 species are distributed over the whole earth, but are 

 especially abundant in the Mediterranean region and 

 the orient; they are also abundant in the mountains 

 of the subtropics. The larger genera are Salvia, 500 

 species; Hyptis, 300 species; Stachys, 180-200 species; 

 Scutellaria, 180 species; Nepeta, 1.50 species; Satureia, 

 130 species; and Tcucrium, 100 species. The family is 

 related to the \'erbenace;e and to the Boraginacea-, 

 also to the Scrophulariace* and Acanthaeea:'. The 4- 

 angled stem, fragrant oil, 4-lobed ovary, the solitary 

 ovules, and the basal style are distinctive. This is a 

 difficult family for the student. The characters for 

 separating the genera reside mostly in the calyx, co- 

 rolla and stamens. The nutlets are less important in 

 classification than in the Horaginacea;. 



Owing to the volatile oil and bitter principles, the 

 Labiatic are of more than usual economic importance: 

 Scutellaria latirifliira (skullcajij, tonic, nervine; Snli'ia 

 officinalis (garden sage), tonic, also used as a condi- 

 ment; Marrubium vulgare (hoarhound), tonic, anthel- 

 mintic, and expectorant; Hedeoma pidegioides (Ameri- 

 can pennyroyal), carminative and stimulant; Mentha 

 gpicata (spearmint) and Meidhn jriperitii (peppermint), 

 carminative; Mentha Pulet/ium (European penny- 

 royal;, carminative; mints are also used as condiments. 

 The following oils are from Labiatie: Oil of thyme 

 ( Thymux Serpyllum); rosemary (Rosmarinitu officinalis) ; 

 Lavender (Lavimdnhi ufficirudis); .spike {Lavandula 

 Spica); origanum (Origanum Majnrana). Catnip (Ne- 

 pela Cataria) is a family sudorific. Mother-wort {Lco- 

 nurus Cardiaca) is a family stimulant and bitters. The 

 leaves of lavender and patchouli {l'(}ij(>stemon Patch- 

 ouli) are usf.-d to keep in.sects from woolens, furs, and 

 the like. Many other species have been used locally 

 for various purpos(«. 



Fifty or more genera are in cultivation in North 

 America. Most of these are garden annuals or hardy per- 

 ennials cultivated for the flavor or odor, for ornamental 

 purfxjsfo, f>r for medicine. Among these are: Acantho- 

 mintha fThorny .Mint); Ajuga (Hugle Weed); Cedro- 

 nella 'Balm of Oilea<l); Coleus; CoUin.sonia (Horse- 

 balm, Horw-weefJ, Stonewortj; Cunila (Maryland Dit- 

 tany;; Hedeoma (.American Pennyroyal); Hy.ssopus 

 fHys-sop;, hardy shrub; Lamium (Dead Nettle); Lav- 

 andula 'lyavender); Ijconotis (Lion's Ear, Lion's Tail); 

 Lophanthu.s (fjiant Hyssop;; Marrubiuin (Hore- 



houiul); Melissa (Bahu); Mentha (Mint, Siiearmint, 

 Pep])ermint, ,lapane.se Mint, Hergamot Mint, Black 

 Mint, While Mint, European Pennyroyal); Micromeria 

 (Verba BuenaU Moluccella (Shell Flower, Molucca 

 Balm); Monarda (Horsemint, O.swego Tea, Bee-balm, 

 Fragrant Bahu, Wikl Berganiot); Nepeta (Catnip, 

 (iround Ivy, Clill-run-over-tlie-ground); Ocimum (Ba- 

 sil); Origaniuu (Marjoraiu); Phlomis (.lerusalem Sage); 

 Physostegia (h'alse Dragonhead, Obedient Plant); Plec- 

 t rani bus (Cockle-spur Flower); Pogostemon (Patch- 

 ouli Plant); Pnmella or Brunella (Self-heal, Heal-all); 

 Pycnanthemum (Mountain Mint); Uo.smarinus (Rose- 

 mary, Old Man); Salvia (Sage, Clary, Scarlet Sage); 

 Satureia (Savory); Scutellaria (Skull-cap); Stachys 

 (Woundwort, Choro-gi, Chinese or Japanese Artichoke, 

 Knot-root, Betony); Teucrium (Germander); Thymus 

 (Thyme, Pilother-of-Thyme); Trichostema (Blue Curls, 

 Bastard Pennyroyal, Ramero); Westringia (Victorian 

 Rosemary). 



190. Nolanaceae (from the genus Nolana, derived 

 from nola, a little bell, in reference to the corolla). 

 Nolana Family. Fig. 51. Herbs or .small shrubs: 

 leaves alternate, or opposite: flowers bisexual, regular; 

 calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobcd, gamopetalous, hypogy- 

 nous, plicate in the bud; stamens 5, slightly epipeta- 

 lous, alternating with the lobes of the corolla; hypogy- 

 nous disk well developed, often lobed; ovary superior, 

 typically of 5 car|)els, radially lobed, or both radially 

 and transversely lobed, lobes 5-30, in fruit forming 5- 

 30 nutlets which are each 1-7-seeded, or sometimes 

 both radially and transversely lobed. 



There occur 3 genera and 50 species, confined to the 

 west coast of South America. Many species are mari- 

 time. The family is related to the Convolvulacese, also 

 to the Boraginaceai and Solanacese. The plicate corolla 

 and very peculiarly lobed ovary derived from 5 carpels 

 are distinctive. 



A few species of Nolana, all prostrate plants, are cul- 

 tivated in this coimtry for ornamental purposes. 



197. Solanaceae (from the genius Solanum, the sig- 

 nificance unknown). Nightshade Family. Fig. 52. 

 Herbs, erect or climbing shrubs, or small trees: leaves 

 usually alternate: flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual, reg- 

 ular, rarely irregular; calyx 5-cleft; corolla 5-lobed, 

 gamopetalous, hyijogynous, usually plicate in the bud, 

 the folds tw'i.sted to right or left, rarely the tips of the 

 folds valvate or imbricated; stamens 5, epipetalous, 

 alternating with the corolla-lobes; hypogynous disk 

 present; ovary superior, 2-celled, rarely falsely 1-, or 

 more, celled; ovules in each cell 1 to many; style 1; 

 stigmas 1-2: fruit a berry or capsule. 



About 70 genera and 1,G00 species, 900 of which be- 

 long to Solanum, are distributed in the tropical and warm 

 temperate regions, the greatest number being in Cen- 

 tral and South America. The family is related to the 

 Scrophulariacea?, Convolvulacea' and Nolanaceae. The 

 regular, plaited corolla, an<l usually numerous .seeds are 

 important distinguishing characteristics. Datura has a 

 prickly fruit. The calyx of Physalis is accrescent and 

 inflated, surrounds the fruit, and is often colored. 



Many Solanacea; contain narcotic or poisonous 

 alkaloids and are u.sed in medicine. Belladonna (alka- 

 loid atropine) is obtained from the roots of Atropa 

 Bellailiinna; it wa.s formerly used by women to 

 dilate the pupils of the eye, hence the specific name. 

 The leaves and flowers of Datura .Stramonium (Jirason 

 wec<lj constitute the stramonium of medicine (alka- 

 loid daturine). Stramonium seeds were, formerly 

 used by magicians to produce fantiistic visions, and by 

 thieves to stup<^fy their victims. Henbane (alkaloid 

 hyosoyamine) consists of the leaves and to|>s of Hyos- 

 cyainu.s nigcr and is narcotic. Mandragora is similar 

 in effect to belladonna. It was used by sorcerers to 

 produce hallucinations in their victims. Scopolia 

 carniolica .and Salanuv} carolincnse (horse-nettle) 

 have been used in medicine. The remedy, pichi, con- 



