80 



KEY TO THE FAMILIES AND GENERA 



The way to use a key is exphiincd in thi- prefatory 

 part to this volume (.page xii). 



The general plan. 



The key isdivideii into two ni:iin p:irts: a key to the 

 famiHes ipape SDK and a ki'v (o tlic tjcneni (pa);e S(l). 

 When the student has deternnned the family to whieh 

 the plant belongs, the further traeing of it is to be made 

 in the key to the genera; when the genus has bix-n 

 found, he turns to its alphabetic i)lace in one of the 

 volumes and there runs down the plant to its species. 



The fiunilies are arranged in accordanee with the 

 following framework (for another and fuller outline of 

 the vegetable kingdom, see pages 2-4). 



Families 



Di\'ision 1. Flowering Plants or Phanerogams 1-209 



Subdi%'ision 1. Dirotyledona or Exogens 1-lSl 



Claris 1. .AngiosptTms 1-176 



Subclass 1. Pal>^)e^alfip 1-101 



Series 1. Thalamiflorie 1-39 



, Cohort 1. Uanales 1-12 



Cohort 2. Parietalcs 13-22 



Cohort 3. Polygalales 23-25 



Cohort 4. Caryophyllales 26- 29 



Cohort 5. Guttiiorales 30- 34 



Cohort 6. .Malvales 35-39 



Series 2. DisciflorK 40-69 



Cohort 1. Geraniates 40- 53 



Cohort 2. Olacales 54- 56 



Cohort 3. Celastrales 57- 60 



Cohort 4. Sapindales 61- 69 



Series 3. Calyciflora' 70-101 



Cohort 1. Kosales 70-79 



Cohort 2. Myrtales 80-88 



Cohort 3. Pa.ssiflorales 89-93 



Cohort 4. Ficoidales 94- 95 



Cohort 5. Umbellales 96-101 



Subclass 2. Gamopetalse 102-144 



Series 1. Infers; 102-107 



Cohort 1. Rubiales 102-103 



Cohort 2. Asterales 104-106 



Cohort 3. Campanalea 107 



Series 2. Heteromerffi 108-120 



Cohort 1. Ericales 108-113 



Cohort 2. Primulalea 114-116 



Cohort 3. Ebenales 117-120 



Series 3. BicarpellatsB 121-144 



Cohort 1. Gentianales 121-125 



Cohort 2. Polemoniales 126-131 



Cohort 3. Personales 132-138 



Cohort 4. I.amiales 139-144 



Subclass 3. Apetalse or Monocblamydete 145-176 



Series 1. Cur\'embryeffi 145-149 



Series 2. Multiovulat« Terrestres 150-151 



Series 3. Micrembryese 152-156 



Series 4. Daphneee 157-160 



Series 5. Achlamydosporese 161-162 



Series 6. Unisexualea 163-174 



Series 7. Anomalous Families 175-176 



Class 2. Gymnosperms 177-181 



Subdivision 2. Monocotyledons or Endogens 182-209 



Series 1. Microspermte 182-183 



Series 2. Epigynse 184-193 



Series 3. CoronarieEB 194-196 



Series 4. Calycins 197-198 



Series 5. Nudiflorie 199-203 



Series 6. Apocarpae 204-207 



Series 7. Glumacejc 208-209 



Division 2. Pteridophyta 210-223 



PART I.— KEY TO THE FAMILIES 



{See page 86 far Part II.) 



Division 1. Flowering Plants ob Phanerooamb or Sper- 

 uatophyteb: those producing real flowers and seeds (pages 8U 

 to 86;. 



Subdivision 1. Dicotyledons. Sts. formed of bark, wood 

 and pith, the wood formini; a zone between the other two, and 

 incrfraMing when the st. continuew from year to year by llie annual 

 addition of a new layer to the outnide next to the bark: Ivh. usually 

 ne t ted- veined : embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or, in 

 Subdiviflion 2, often 3 or more in a whorl: parts of the fl. mostly 

 in 4*3 or 5'b ^pages 80-84). 



Class 1. An'oiosperhs. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary, 

 which containn the ovules: cotyledons 2. 



Subclass 1. Poi,ypETAL-«. Calyx and corolla both present, 

 the lattiTf of seffarate petalw. (See exceptions I'sted under Sub- 

 claM 2, Gamopetatag, page 82. > 



Series 1. Thalamifixjb*. Calyx mostly innerted under the 

 ovary; petals oft«n in 2 or more aeries, sometimes 1 series; stamens 



oo or definite, inserted on the often small or raised or stipitate 

 reerptftfh', which is not developed into a glandular disk; ovary 

 very generally free. 



Cohort 1. Ranalks. Stamens co, or if definite then the perianth 

 in ;i-<=o series; carpels 1 or more, usuiilly distinct, rarely united. 

 (See exceptions in Saxifragacea?, also hypogynou.s Leguniinoaffl.) 



A. Sepals 5, or fewer, or 0; petals in about 

 1 series. 

 B. Seeds not arillate: sepals deciduovis, 



usually colored: herb.H or shrubs.. . . 1. RANCNcnLACE^. 

 BB. Seeds not arillate: calyx and corolla 

 wanting; ovary of 2 carpels but 



1-celled 7. Eucommiace^. 



BBB. Seeds arillatt;: sepals persistent, her- 



baceovis: shrubs or trees 2. Dilleniace^. 



AA. Sepals or petals in 2-co series, rarely 

 wanting. 

 B. Plants not aquatic. 



c. Perianth wanting; stamens nu- 

 merous; fls. polygamous, dice- 

 cious, or jjerfeet. 

 D. Lvs. piunatcly veined, alternate. 5. Trochodendra- 



[CE^. 



DD. Lvs. palmately veined, opposite. 6. Cercidiphyl- 

 cc. Perianth present. [lace.*:, 

 D. Petals and stamens mostly oo ; 

 ovules 1-Qo. 

 E. Torus tubular, inclosing car- 

 pels: endosperm 0: lvs. op- 

 posite: shrubs 3. CalycanthacejG. 



EE. Torus short or long, bearing 

 carpels outside: endosperm 

 copious ; lvs. alternate : 



woody 4. Maqnoliace^. 



DD. Petals 5: stamens 10: carpels 

 5-10: ovule solitary: lvs. op- 

 posice. (See No. 68, Cori- 

 ariacese. ) 

 DDD. Petals and stamens mostly mul- 

 tiples of 3 or 2. 

 E. Stamens and carpels usually 

 numerous: ovules l-oo ; 

 sepals 3; petals 6; fis. bisex- 

 ual : shrubs or trees 8. Annonace^, 



EE. Stamens usually 6: ovule 

 solitary: carpels 3; sepals 

 and petals usually 6: fls. 

 dioecious: mostly woody or 



herbaceous vines. 9. Menispermace^. 



EEE. Stamens 4, 6, or 9; anthers 

 opening by 2 lids rarely 

 birimose: carpel 1 : ovules 

 2- GO : fls. bisexual: herbs 



or shrubs 10. BerberidacevE. 



EEEE. Stamens usually 6; anthers 

 birimose: carpels mostly 3: 

 ovules many: fls. unisexual: 



vines or erect, woody 11. LARDiZABALACEiE. 



BB. Plants aquatic 12. Ny^mph^ace^e. 



Cohort 2. Pahietales. Stamens definite or co ; ovary 1-celIed, 

 or several-celled by spurious partitions; carpels several; placentse 

 parietal. (See Actsea in Uanunculaceae, also Berberidacece.) 



A. Embryo minute, near the base of the 

 fleshy endosperm. 



B. Pitcher plants 13. Sarraceniace^. 



BB. Not pitcher plants. 



c. Petals all alike, or nearly so 14. PAPAVERACEiE. 



cc. Petals in 2 series, the inner unlike 



the outer 15. Fumariace«. 



aa. Embryo curved; endosperm 0. 



B. Stamens 6, tetradynamous, rarely 4. ..16. Crucifeh.e. 

 BB. Stamens a>,or, if few, not tetradyna- 

 mous 17. Capparidace.e. 



BBB. Stamens usually <», not covered in 

 lEstivation by the small petals: 



ovary often open above 18. Rebedacea. 



AAA. Embryo not curved, rather large; 

 endosperm fleshy. 

 B. Radicle remote from hilum: ovule 



generally orthotropous 19. Cibtace-g. 



BB. Radicle very near hilum: ovule ana- 

 tropous, or amphitropous, 

 c. Anthers dehisce intror.sely: mostly 



hnrbs 20. Violace<b. 



cc. Anthers dehisce extrorsely or at 

 apex: insectivorous plants with 

 capitate glandular tentacles on 

 lvs. (See No. 76, Droseracea?.) 

 CCC. Anthers dehisce by apical cracks or 

 pores: woody. 

 D. Slime-ceils present; receptacle 



nut enlarged 21. Bixace^. 



DD. Slime-cells absent; receptacle 



enlarged 22. Flacourtiace-b. 



cccc. Anthers versatile, dehiscing by 

 longitudinal fissures: woody. 

 (See No. 34, Stachyuraceffi.) 



