APPLE 



APPLE 



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grown over an area of about 350 miles long by 30 to 150 

 miles in width. Over this great winter-apple area, which 

 may be roughly divided into, first: that part bordering 

 on Lake Ontario and extending for 30 and more miles 

 inland; second, that bordering Lake Huron and for 

 several miles back; and third, the southwestern part, of 

 Ontario, — the Northern .Spy, Baldwin, Tompkins King 

 and Rhode Island Greening are the predominant win- 

 ter varieties of the better class. 



Nova Scotia has long been noted for its winter 

 apples, which ship and keep well. The most favored 

 parts are the Annapolis and Cornwallis vallej's, which 

 have a total length of about 100 miles and vary in width 

 from 6 to 11 miles. Here apples of British or European 

 origin, such as Blenheim, Ribston, Gravenstein, Cox 

 Orange Pippin, and Yellow Bellflower do particularly 

 well. But it is being found that winter apples can be 

 grown successfully along the southeastern part of Nova 

 Scotia, and a large area will no doubt be eventually 

 planted to apple trees there. In the northern part of 

 Nova Scotia, the hardier apples, including some winter 

 varieties, do well. Prince Edward Island, the smallest 

 province in Canada, produces excellent apples, and here 

 may be found, perhaps, the longest-keeping fruit in 

 Canada of the varieties grown, due no doubt to the 

 cool autumn. The season is somewhat short for some 

 of the latest-maturing varieties. The province of New 

 Brunswick has for a long time shown its adaptability 

 for apple-culture, and in this province some of the 

 highest-colored and best-flavored apples are grown. 

 The climate over a large part of New Brunswick is 

 much the same as the southern part of the province of 

 Quebec and eastern and central Ontario, and over this 

 great area such apples as Wealthy, Fameuse, Mcintosh, 

 Alexander, Wolf River and others are grown to great 

 perfection. 



In the far West, British Columbia has many districts 

 and valleys well suited for summer, autumn and winter 

 varieties of apples, but some varieties do better in one 

 district than in another. At present the three most 

 important parts are, first, that comprising the damp 

 chmate of the lower mainland near the coast, and Van- 

 couver Island; second, the dry interior country where 

 irrigation is, as a rule, necessary, including the Okana- 

 gan and other valleys; and third, the Kootenays, East 

 and West, the Sahnon Arm, and other districts where 

 irrigation is in most places unnecessary. Many valleys 

 farther north than the present commercial orchards 

 extend are being found suitable for apple-culture. 



In the prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan 

 and Alberta, few apples have as yet been grown, but it 

 is thought that before long some parts of these prov- 

 inces will be producing large quantities of apples. In 

 southern Manitoba the Russian varieties of apples are 

 succeeding well in places where cared for, and consider- 

 able quantities of fruit have been obtained there. The 

 chief causes of failure in the prairie provinces appear 

 to be, first, too late growth, preventing proper ripening 

 of the wood, and due, we believe, to the rich soil with 

 its large percentage of available nitrogen; second, to 

 the drying out of the trees in winter on account of their 

 being exposed to dry and very cold winds for a long 

 period; and third, on account of early growth in spring 

 followed by hard frosts. All of these causes of failure 

 may in a large degree be overcome by planting the 

 hardiest varieties in well-drained, light soil, protecting 

 them from winds in winter by means of windbreaks, 

 and choosing exposures where growth will not start 

 early. In the wooded country in northern Saskatchewan 

 and Alberta, where the springs are cooler and where 

 there is natural protection, it is thought that ultimately 

 large quantities of apples will be grown. At present 

 crab-apples are being grown in a number of places and 

 also the small hybrid apples originated by William 

 Saunders. 



The farthest north that apples have been grown in 



21 



Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, of which we have 

 a record, is at Fort Vermilion, Peace River, in latitude 

 56°, where, in 1910, fruit was grown of the hybrid apples 

 referred to. 



Varieties of apples 'recommended for different parts of 

 Canada. 



Ontario {districts bordering Lake Ontario and Lake Huron, 

 and southwestern Ontario): Summer — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg. 

 Fall — Gravenstein, Wealthy, Alexander. Mcintosh, Fameuse, 

 Blenheim. Winter — Tompkins King, Rhode Island Greening, Bald- 

 win, Northern Spy, Cranberry, Stark, 



Nova Scotia {Annapolis, Cornwallis, and adjacent valleys): 

 Summer — Red Astrachan, Oldenburg. Fall — Gravenstein, Wealthy, 

 Blenheim, Ribston. Winter — Tompkins King, Yellow Bellflower, 

 Wagener, Cox Orange Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Stark, 

 Northern Spy, American Golden Russet, Fallawater, Roxbury 

 Russet (Nonpareil), and Ben Davis. 



Nova Scotia {northern and colder parts) New Brunswick, 

 Quebec {except coldest parts). Eastern and Central Ontario: 

 Summer — Transparent, Lowland Raspberry, Oldenburg. Fall — 

 St. Lawrence, Wealthy, Dudley, Alexander, AIcMahon. Winter — 

 Mcintosh, Fameuse, Wolf River, Bethel, Milwaukee. 



Prince Edward Isl.\nd: Summer — Transparent, Oldenburg, 

 Fall — Wealthy, Dudley, Gravenstein (whick keeps well into winter 

 here). Winter — .\lexander, Wolf River, Mcintosh, Stark. Such 

 varieties as Blenheim. Ribston, Tompkins King, Northern Spy, 

 and many others can be grown on Prince Edward Island, but are 

 not so reliable for commercial purposes. 



British Columbi.\ (lower mainland, Vancouver Island); 

 Yellow Transparent, Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Tompkins 

 King, Grimes. For irrigated districts of Southern British Columbia: 

 Transparent, Red Astrachan, Oldenburg, Wealthy, Mcintosh. Jona- 

 than, Wagener, Rome Beauty, and in addition for the most favored 

 parts, Esopus, Yellow Newtown, and Winesap. Other temperate 

 parts where irrigation, if practised, is not general, including the 

 Kootenays, Salmon Arm, and Armstrong district: Yellow Trans- 

 parent, Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Wealthy, Mcintosh, Jonathan, 

 Wagener, Grimes and Northern Spy. 



Hardiest varieties for coldest parts of Canada: Summer to 

 Autumn — Blushed Calville, Lowland Raspberry. Oldenberg, Char- 

 lamoff. Autumn to Winter — Antonovka, Wealthy. Hibernal, Mc- 

 Mahon, Longfield, and Patten. Crab-applei, — Whitney, Virginia 

 Martha, Transcendent, Hyslop and the small hybrid apples origi- 

 nated by Wm. Saunders. 



Up to comparatively recent years, Canada had 

 depended mainly on the other parts of the world for 

 varieties to plant, but some excellent apples of Cana- 

 dian origin are now in commerce, such as Fameuse, 

 Mcintosh, St. Lawrence, and Baxter. Within the past 

 twenty years under the direction of the Dominion 

 Government, many new varieties have been originated 

 with a view to furnishing suitable kinds for the 

 prairie provinces, and secondly to obtain apples of the 

 best color and quality which would succeed over a 

 wider range than those on the market at present. The 

 results so far have been very promising. 



General outlook. 



Canadians are fully alive to the importance of prac- 

 tising the best methods of apple-culture, and in those 

 parts of the Dominion where the industry is an impor- 

 tant one, the methods employed and culture given are 

 equal to those in other countries. 



The cooperative movement is strong in Canada, and 

 there are many cooperative associations for the buying 

 of horticultural supplies and for the marketing of fruit. 

 There has been an Act in force in Canada since 1899 by 

 which Dominion inspectors may examine fruit packed 

 in closed packages before shipment in any part of 

 Canada. The Act empowers the inspectors to mark the 

 package "Falsely Marked" if the fruit within the pack- 

 age is not of the grade or quahty indicated by the marks 

 outside, and the person who packs the fruit and marks 

 the package is liable to a fine. 



There is a minimum standard or legal barrel of 96 

 Imperial quarts for apples throughout Canada, and a 

 uniform box of 10 x 1 1 x 20 inches, inside measure- 

 ments. The barrel is still the popular package in eastern 

 Canada, although the use of the box is steadily increas- 

 ing. In British Columbia, however, the box is used 

 practically altogether. 



The outlook for apple-growing in Canada is bright. 

 The market for Canadian apples appears to be 



