Landscape-Gardening in Australia. 585 



with his family, in competence and comfort. He would advise 

 this person to purchase 3000 acres of land, say at 105. an acre, 

 amounting to 1500/. sterling. He should purchase 1000 ewes 

 and lambs, at 1000/.; and should build a cottage in which to 

 reside till he acquire additional wealth by the increase of his 

 flocks." After giving an abstract of his yearly expenditure and 

 income, he says, " It will be perceived that, in the first year, 

 703/. will be realised by wool, increase of lambs, and agricultural 

 produce. This will appear a small sum when compared with 

 the money sunk ; but it should be remembered that a large 

 portion of this money will not be required hereafter, and an ad- 

 vance or increase may reasonably be expected in succeeding 

 years. It may require ten years' exertion before the person pos- 

 sessed of only 5000/. capital will be able to form an establishment 

 equal to that of persons commencing with 20,000/. or 30,000/. 

 capital; but by industry lie will infallibly succeed; and, at the 

 end of that time, the emigrant may place his family on a footing 

 of the highest respectability, opulence, and comfort." (p. 54'.) 

 The passages which we have selected are the following : — 



" I have now lastly to point out a plan of proceeding for small farmers who 

 may have large families, and who may do exceeding well here, if they conduct 

 themselves with prudence. I would recommend the following ])lan to secure 

 their future prosperity : — I would advise them to purchase no lands, but to 

 commence by renting a farm of from 100 to 1000 acres, within 50 miles of 

 Sydney, unless it may be situated at Hunter's River. In that case, a farm 

 may be rented 100 miles from Sydney, that district having water carriage to 

 the capital. A farm should be selected which produces good grass for cows, 

 and which is also good for agricultural produce. It may generally be rented 

 at from 2s. to 5s. an acre, unless it were situated near Windsor, in the 

 Hawkesbury district, where it rents for 1/. per acre. The Hawkesbury is a 

 most desirable spot for industrious emigrants to settle upon, as the soil is 

 deep, rich, light, and easy to work, at all seasons of the year ; and it produces 

 the best and most certain crops of any other district known to me in the 

 colony. By hiring or renting ground, a person of small capital would thereby 

 save all the amount of capital he may bring with him to lay out for cows, pigs, 

 and a team of working oxen, ploughs, harrows, and other necessary imple- 

 ments, to stockhis little farm. But, if a person of small capital were to pur- 

 chase land at his first commencement, his capital would be sunk by its purchase, 

 or he would have little money left to purchase stock. But, if he were to hire 

 land for a few years, there could be no danger of an industrious, persevering, 

 sober man succeeding to the extent of his wishes. When he has rented a 

 farm several years, he then would be in circumstances to purchase one at a 

 reasonable price, that is from 5s. an acre to 1/. He will then only have to 

 remove his stock from the one farm to the other, and he would afterwards 

 cultivate his own ground. It would afford him great pleasure to cultivate his 

 own freehold estate, and enjoy its produce. Cows are by far the safest specu- 

 lation for a man of small capital to commence with, as they produce an imme- 

 diate income in milk, butter, or cheese, according to the situation of the farm. 

 Agriculture is also a good speculation for a small farmer. Fruit will also pay 

 them : many persons in this colony have realised fortunes by growing oranges ; 

 so that small farmers have many opportunities of making money if they were 

 i ndustrious. I am decidedly of opinion that small farmers in England or 

 Scotland would benefit themselves very materially by settling in New South 



