90 [Senate 



the teat, until the milk comes freely, and while it is in, keep rubbing 

 that quarter of the bag out of which the milk is running. 



The calves ought not to be permitted to suck, nor ought the cows 

 to be within sight or hearing of them. In the fall of the year, when 

 the grass is nearly done, all the fields ought to then be opened to the 

 cows, and if scarce, they ought to be fed, and by no means suffered 

 to lose their flesh. As soon as the nights get cold, they ought to be 

 put in the house. Their stables ought to be made as follows, and 

 under or in the basement of the barn. The barn ought to be thirty 

 feet wide, and sufficiently long to accommodate all the full grown 

 cattle, and eighteen feet post or high. Cows ought to be let out to 

 water every morning as soon as milked, and if tire weather is mode- 

 rate, remain several hours. A long trough ought to be placed before 

 them, where such roots as are designed for them may be given by 

 putting them into the trough out of the root house. Nothing should 

 be washed; clay is good either for horses or cows. In winter, all 

 kinds of turnips and potatoes are good for cows. Horses ought to 

 be so arranged that their breath and the cows may mix, and a few 

 goats will be healthy for both horses and cows. If cows are fed on 

 oat straw, they ought to get it fresh threshed. Corn stalks, if well 

 cured, are fine feed with a little hay at nightj the stalks may be given 

 to them in the barn-yard during the day. The yard being on the 

 south side of the barn, may be sufficiently warm during several hours 

 of the day, unless in very cold weather. All the stalls of both cows 

 and horses ought be concaved lengthwise, and about eight inches 

 lower behind than before. Such form will give sufficient fall for 

 water, and ease to the animal when either standing or lying, for on 

 whatever side they may lie, their feet will be lower than their sides, 

 and when they stand they can change positions, which is what they 

 wantj besides, their beds will be inclined to where damp may be ex- 

 pected, when their sides will always be dry, and by the above forma- 

 tion of the stalls, they can at any time rub all parts of their bodies. 



The buildings for young cattle ought to extend in a straight line 

 with the north side of the barn, both east and west of the barn ns far 

 as may be wanted, according to the number of stock kept. Such 

 building ought to be as low in the floor as the cow-house or base- 

 ment of the barn, and filled outside with clay as the other. It ought 

 to be 12 feet wide, and 12 feet posts above the basement. There 

 ought to be a rack all along the backside, extending from the ground 

 to the ceiling, and so eaved out at the top as to be 6 inches from the 

 back wall at the bottom, and three feet at the top, the floor above 

 having an opening all along the backside one foot wide, where the 

 fodder is put into the rack, and always kept full or nearly so. The 

 rest of the basement should be open like a shed, and the young cat- 

 tle left to run out and in as they please. Fences, however, ought to 

 be run from the rack to the back of the yard, to divide the yard in 

 such a way as to only have young cattle of the same age in one pen, 

 for otherwise the older will hurt the younger, as well as prevent 

 them from feeding. The upper part should be filled with such fod- 

 der as is intended for feed below. All this class, if well arranged, 



