302 HISTORY OF THE GRANGE MOVEMENT; OR, 



"In Pennsylvania there was in 1850 an operative 

 for every $644 of manufacturing capital, in 1860 an 

 operative to every $855, and in 1870 an operative ta 

 every $1270. 



" In the State of Massachusetts in 1850 there was an 

 operative to every $501 of manufacturing capital ; in 

 1860 an operative to every $611 of capital, and in 

 1870 an operative to every $829 of capital. These 

 examples are a fair type of the rest. Protection in this 

 country is fast coining to mean Protection for improved 

 machinery with a Chinaman to operate it, against 

 cheap labor in Europe. 



" Let us see if the agriculturists of Pennsylvania 

 make enough on their capital and labor to pay for pro- 

 tecting the manufacturers of that State. In 1870 the 

 agricultural product of Pennsylvania, less the cost of 

 wages, was 13i per cent, on the agricultural capital 

 assisted by the owners' labor, while the manufacturing 

 product, less cost of wages and raw material, was 40 

 per cent, assisted by the owners' labor. But possibly 

 agricultural capital in Pennsylvania is rated too high, 

 for there is a limit to what the land may be made to 

 produce, though there is no well-defined limit to the 

 price which the presence of a large landless population 

 may be the innocent cause of putting on it. Let us 

 examine Illinois, where land is cheap and productive 

 and markets easy of access. If the Illinois farmer can't 

 keep pace with the manufacturer none other can. 



"In 1870 the value of the agricultural product of 

 Illinois, less the cost of wages, was 17 per cent, 

 on the agricultural capital assisted by the owners' labor ; 

 while the manufactured product, less the cost of wages 

 and raw material, was 49 1 per cent, on the manufactur- 



