118 WORLD-POWER AND EVOLUTION 



Perhaps these early Heidelberg men possessed the power of articu- 

 late speech, but this is doubtful. The jaw is too narrow to allow 

 free play to the tongue. Probably the Heidelberg race fashioned 

 some kind of crude implements from sticks and stones, but even 

 of this there is thus far no real proof. Yet this primitive man 

 lived after half the Glacial Period had run its course. He hunted 

 the deer, the horse, the elephant, the rhinoceros, the wild boar, 

 the moose, the bison, the wild ox, the bear, and the beaver. He 

 fled from the lion, and hated the wolf and the wildcat. All these 

 animals of Asiatic and African as well as European types lived 

 together near Heidelberg in the valley of the Rhine. They, as 

 well as many others, including man himself, had been driven from 

 their former homes by repeated changes of climate. The time 

 when they lived was apparently the Second Interglacial Epoch, 

 that is, the epoch of mild climate after the second of the great 

 glacial epochs when the ice expanded from Scandinavia and from 

 the Alps. According to Osborn's chronology this was about 

 250,000 years ago. Others lengthen the time to half a million 

 years, but at any rate the Heidelberg man seems to have lived 

 only about half as long ago as the ape-man of Java. During 

 that long interval there had been a great and unquestionable 

 evolution in the size of the human brain, but there is no evidence 

 of any appreciable change in the mode of life. 



After the days of the Heidelberg man there is another long 

 interval during which the book of human history is blank. The 

 next record on the pages is the "dawn man" found at Piltdown 

 in southeastern England. Osborn's summar}^ of the reasons for 

 putting him after the third great advance of the ice seems con- 

 clusive. This brings us down to a period which Penck estimates 

 as about 100,000 years ago, but which may be 150,000. This 

 seems very long as men count years, but geologically it is almost 

 the present time. Previous to the Glacial Period the brain of 

 man's animal ancestors had been evolving very slowly for hundreds 

 of millions of years. During the half million yeafs more or less 



