io82 LIFE : OUTLINES OF GENERAL BIOLOGY 



studies; a new conflict likewise, between physicist and vitalist 

 theories, and by and by a new reconcihation also. We shall neither 

 hold wdth the crudely physical materialism of one school, nor revert 

 to the naive dualism of Wallace. But where shall we look for this 

 reconciliation of physiology with psychology, no longer falling into 

 mere necrology on the one side, nor leaping into phantomology upon 

 the other? We need a bio-psychology which will incorporate all the 

 work of the observer and the experimentalist ; yet this complemented 

 by a psycho-biology which will intepret the subtler problems and 

 processes of evolution also, and by less far-fetched agencies. To this 

 we shall return. 



FURTHER ILLUSTRATIONS OF EVOLUTION 



EVOLUTION OF THE FACE.— To the evolutionist everything is 

 an antiquity, the past living on in the present, though often trans- 

 figured. For certainly it has been one of the great methods of Organic 

 Evolution to make the new out of the very old. The trunk of an 

 elephant is an elongated and mobilised nose, with the addition of 

 a piece of the upper lip. The spinnerets of a spider are transformed 

 abdominal limbs. Our Eustachian tube, leading from the ear-passage 

 to the back of the mouth, is the same as the spiracle of a skate. 



So, in regard to the human face, it is a new sjmthesis of ancient 

 components. Even the Fundamentalist's face, as Mr. Beebe glee- 

 fully says, may be seen to be functioning with the third eyelid of 

 a bird, the ear-point of a deer, the honourable scars of most ancient 

 giUs, and with the lip-lifting muscles of many a mammal when he 

 sneers. It is not, of course, as if certain characteristics of ancient 

 types had been pieced together as such, as one might add gadgets 

 to a complex patent. It is rather that the evolving organism, like 

 an unconscious artist, has used old materials in a new way, fashioning 

 them into a fresh tmity. Even to-day many a child looks out on the 

 world with a face that was never seen before — so individual is it. 

 Individual and yet an inherited mosaic, for as Prof. W. K. Gregory 

 says, in the magic mirror of science proud man may see his own 

 image — "a composite of an infinitely receding series of faces — 

 human, pre-human, anthropoid, long-snouted, lizard-like — stretching 

 back into the shadows of endless time." The story is well told in 

 Gregory's recent book. Our Face from Fish to Man (Putnam's, 1929); 

 and we wish, as an illustration of evolution, to indicate in brief 

 compass the great events in the history of a structure that is always 

 interesting, even when it is not beautiful. 



At the outset we must avoid the popular search for some particular 

 animal in the human face — the hero's eagle-eye or hawk -like glance, 

 the villain's suggestion of a weasel or a rabbit, the walrus moustache 



