BIOLOGY AMONG THE SCIENCES 



1141 



This more evolutionary and dynamic presentment is now seen 

 freed from its initial and too empiric necrography, and at length 

 more fully bio-logic. In fact these former static fields of study may 

 now be subsumed by the later and kinetic ones; say thus — 



Biology 



Phylogeny 



(with 



Pal^eontography) 



Ecology 



(with 



Taxonomy) 



1 1 



Life 



i t 



Ontogeny 



(with 



Embryography) 



Physiology 



(with 



Anatomy) 



Yet these useful changes do not after all really affect the previous 

 eightfold serial classification, but only complete our way of looking 

 at it. For just as a world-map is shown most truly upon a sphere, 

 so these eight sub-sciences may now best be viewed and realised as 

 the octants of a sphere, cut by the three planes of spatial, energic, 

 and temporal conditioning. So it is convenient and vivid actually 

 so to divide an apple — now graphically made a veritable apple of 

 knowledge — or thus to mark an orange, or a ball. For now we see 

 all these three preceding arrangements of the eight sub-sciences 

 equally plain before us, and we consider each — literally — in turn. 

 Similarly, too, for the sphere of the physical sub-sciences, and that 

 of the sociological ones. Indeed, even the progress of psychology 

 and of ethics, from dawnings in simple life to most evolved humanity, 

 may thus be presented as well. 



Humanistic and social studies, as more ancient than those of the 

 sciences, and still mostly cultivated apart from these, have of course 

 their main divisions of labour, and each with its specialising, but 

 all these not yet related as definite sub-sciences. Yet since they too 

 are conditioned by space, energy, and time, their logically necessary 

 eight main departments leap also to the eye, and as strictly parallel 

 to those of biology. Enough here therefore to place these in 

 diagram (see p. 1142). 



We have seen how the main sciences stand in rational order and 

 sequence ; so now we see that each has the like essential divisions or 

 sub-sciences (see p. 1142). 



HARMONISATION OF SPECIALISMS, TOWARDS UNITY OF 

 SCIENCE. — Unless the whole preceding argument be disproved, 

 a noteworthy conclusion follows. Widely current is the pessimistic 

 view, that the days of generalised science, and our acquaintance 



