BIOLOGY OF MAN 1173 



ample material has been found to assure us of their nature; from 

 elephant, rhinoceros and hippopotamus to deer; to cattle too, and 

 horses, but not yet domesticated. There are bones, too, of tigers and 

 lions, of cave-bears and hyenas; and to survive against these, 

 despite such vantage, must have been no small education, alike in 

 social combination and individual heroism, in intelligence and 

 valour. As yet, however, no human bones have here been found, 

 but implements indicating the Neanderthal type. This, as already 

 described in outline, was almost fully human, yet also with 

 distinct simian characters, witness the long skull with large face, 

 the heavy brow ridges and receding forehead, and the lower jaw 

 receding also, in contrast with our prominent chin, yet with sub- 

 stantially our dentition. 



In these times, as shown by animal bones, and also by vestiges 

 of plant life, the climate was warm; but in the next higher shelf of 

 our section there are clear evidences of its cooling. This is indicated 

 by diminution of the previous fauna of warm lands, and by the 

 coming in of the shaggy mammoth and a woolly rhinoceros. Finer 

 implements now appear, notably those adapted for the flaying, 

 scraping and cutting of skins, as also others useful doubtless 

 for shafting flint axe-heads and shaping javelins and spears: 

 so the inferences are reasonable that with the cooling climate 

 and severe winters these "Acheulians" became much more 

 hunters than had been their predecessors, and this alike 

 through diminishing plant-resources and need of animal food, 

 as also of skins for clothing. Here, too, at this level we find 

 traces of fires. 



Next came the Mousterians, fully contemporary with the Great 

 Ice Age, of which the oncoming had chilled their predecessors; 

 since here in central France the glaciers of its considerable mountain- 

 mass were not far away. The thick-coated mammoth and rhinoceros 

 thus naturally survived, and the cave-bear still kept or threatened 

 the caverns : but in addition to beef, venison and horse, an abundance 

 of reindeer was available, with which it is not inconceivable that 

 men may have thus first learned to domesticate animals. And if so, 

 here is another great step, not only in material well-being, but also 

 in intelligence, which such animal sympathies cultivate more deeply 

 than can hunting, though that is ever rich in its exercise and 

 impulse. We find a further advance both in tools and weapons; 

 fleeing animals are captured by throwing the bolas, stone balls 

 bound separately and held together by a thong; and there was 

 also beginning the use of bone for minor implements. A new and 

 notable fact is that the Mousterians had colouring matters, with 

 which they appear to have adorned themselves. Above all, they had 

 come to bury their dead, possibly with something of religious feeling 

 and hope. Thus, in addition to the famous skull of Neanderthal, a 



