II76 LIFE : OUTLINES OF GENERAL BIOLOGY 



iiings of written or rather engraved characters, sometimes curiously 

 alphabetic in aspect, yet perhaps ideographic. We know from less 

 ancient civilisation, Chinese and Egyptian especially, that drawing 

 has given rise to writing; but it is not a little striking to find what 

 seems this in progress in such early times. The post-glacial period 

 now fully begins; the northern ice-sheet and the nearer glaciers 

 alike retreat, and thus comes better climate; so that Northern 

 Europe becomes habitable; whence folk-wanderings, faunal dis- 

 appearances and migrations, and of course with forest changes, and 

 of minor vegetation too. These gifted Magdaleniens were now mainly 

 overpowered or expelled, at any rate substantially replaced, by the 

 Aziliens, apparently emigrants from Spain, who appropriate their 

 caverns, and occupy the plateaux also. They have the previous 

 crafts, but show industrial decline, while the line arts all but dis- 

 appear. They still paint on their cavern walls, but now merely with 

 what is rather picture-writing and ideographic (or alphabetic?) 

 script. And next a larger migration presses upon them, and indeed 

 largely over Europe, apparently of the same race, but now appa- 

 rently from Italy, the Tardevisians. They are still good flint-workers, 

 but apparently not in horn or bone, much less ivory. 



These last of this long succession of palaeolithic peoples were next 

 pressed upon by a new race-immigration into Europe from east and 

 north-east; people brachycephalic, thickset and sturdy. On the 

 Baltic shores, in Denmark and as far as Scotland, we find their 

 "Kitchen-Middens", largely of limpet and whelk shells and fish 

 bones, yet with beef bones, etc., too. Their flints were simple, but 

 sometimes polished, that is of neolithic type. They had domesticated 

 the dog, as the palaeolithic hunters seem to have failed to do; and 

 they probably had cattle, if not sometimes flocks also. Their great 

 technical distinction is to have made baked pottery, the first we 

 find in Europe; though whether they had invented this or learned 

 it from further east we can hardly yet say; but at any rate they 

 have to be credited with this art henceforth so important, first for 

 their material civilisation, and now for all subsequent archaeology. 



How far these strangers (Campignians) may themselves have 

 modified the midland palaeolithic people is uncertain ; as new waves 

 of migrants, akin as far as brachycephaly may indicate, seem also 

 to have come in. At any rate long-heads and broad-heads appear 

 mixed in varying measure. The great point is that hunting and 

 fishing pass into a quite secondary place ; pastoral and stock-breeding 

 activities increasingly predominate. For these (Robenhausien) 

 people have now domesticated sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs, and 

 even the horse as well. More important still, they make clearings, 

 and cultivate them for cereals; and so they begin, or at least prepare, 

 our age of bread, for which too, in whatever form, they would have 

 ample milk, and probably butter. They seem to have made but little 



