TOWARDS A THEORY OF LIFE 1407 



and younger and elder ages, from babehood to patriarchate : so our 

 square of Folk must keep note of all this, and with four main 

 divisions, for youngers and elders of each sex. Whence room for 

 fuller study of sex and family, each a vast subject in itself, and each 

 duly touched on in this book. Next Work; so start with "the 

 economic man" at simplest, of whom the type is Robinson Crusoe, 

 and he with hard work accordingly. But when Friday becomes of 

 aid, there arises a division of labour, in which Robinson henceforth 

 takes directive part. Their labours yield a well-earned store of corn, 

 partly their daily wages, their food-store for their time of prosperous 

 leisure also, and partly saved as agricultural capital, potential 

 towards next sowing. So here are the three essentials of classical 

 economics; labouring, directing, and capitalistic; seeming sufficient 

 until Marx disclosed the significance of labour left potential as 

 unemployed; and so with consequences needing no exposition here, 

 beyond that of completing the logical fourfold subdivision of the 

 Work-square. Finally Place ranges from one's own seat or bed or 

 standing room, to the wide world ; and in all these we are at rest or in 

 motion by turns. Note finally that though these fourfold analyses 

 of Place, Work, and Folk are the universally known and accepted 

 ones, they have but to be put into their squares to bring out their 

 congruence. Thus it is man who does the executive and directive 

 labour of most occupations, and woman more of the general economy 

 of family life; while in place she is domiciled, while her men-folks 

 fare afar. So the compounding of Place, Work, and Folk is a far 

 complexer task than at first sight appeared, since now resulting in 

 fourfold arrangement of each and every square — specialising them 

 into 36, from the initial 9. The like sub-division will often be found 

 helpful in biology too, and notably for social creatures — ants, bees, 

 etc. — else it would not here have been mentioned. 



THE NEED FOR "A PSYCHOLOGY.— Enough, however, of this 

 first outline of social life, and correspondingly towards its science, 

 alive also. It is now time to consider its deficiencies: what are these? 

 First of aU, no psychology! Without something clear of that, we are 

 but beginners ; what is to be done ? The old economic psychology has 

 had its long day, but is now discarded by every existing school of 

 psychologists, and even derided as f utilitarian. Strict geographers 

 can say nothing of it; and travellers, even as anthropologists, have 

 not yet systematised their wealth of observations and shrewd inter- 

 pretations. So we must go to the professed psychologists, and to 

 begin with, our experimental colleague in his laboratory. He asks 

 who we are, and we reply that we were formerly occupied as geo- 

 grapher, economist, and anthropologist respectively, but now we 

 have come to agreement and co-operation as three musketeers in 

 the common cause of social science; we see this is too elementary 



