1432 LIFE : OUTLINES OF GENERAL BIOLOGY 



advancing progress of prisons; and the increasing reclamation, and 

 even rehabilitation, of their prisoners. Increasing numbers of social 

 workers are now on right lines; and with their co-social advances, 

 the needed techniques begin to appear; by which our present 

 charities and hygienic endeavours, our educational institutions and 

 their workings, our religious organisations, and their spiritual and 

 social efforts, are being increasingly unified, and with encouraging 

 beginnings of influence on bureaucracies and statesmen as well. 



Hence this correlation of Evils — above only outlined and sug- 

 gested, since obviously needing development into a volume, and 

 with compounding to the needed elaborate charting — may be of 

 interest, and even use, to whoever will take the trouble to give it 

 fair trial, and patiently work out its many squares. 



ORGANIC AND PSYCHIC INTERRELATIONS ?— The function- 

 ing of our brain or brain cell-groups is not easily imaged; and still 

 less can we express our mental functioning in other terms than its 

 own, as of sense, experience and feeling; of emotion, ideation and 

 imagery; of desire and will. And though certain brain-localisations are 

 demonstrated, as of the speech-centre, do we thereby get any nearer 

 a real understanding how what we call brain and what we call mind 

 are really working together, however much we are compelled to 

 believe it ? The brain structure and functioning still remains as one 

 sort of thing, and the psyche which seems by turns so recipient, yet so 

 initiative, still seems another. Thus biologist and psychologist, how- 

 ever separately richer in experience and understanding than when 

 they began their inquiries, have not really got much, if at all, beyond 

 the simple doctrine of distinctness of body from mind or soul, which 

 was taught them in early years. Did simplest humanity, however, 

 realise any such separations? Or are our modern children, before 

 they absorb this from the social atmosphere around them, an}^ more 

 troubled by it than are animals and their young? If so, may not 

 this feeling of separateness of mind and body be but a product of 

 our particular phase of evolution; and thus more to be explained 

 on lines of social development, historic and even prehistoric, than 

 on simpler life-levels? In the higher animal, though we cannot 

 compare notes with it, we recognise an organic life essentially 

 similar to our own; and its behaviour compels us to appreciate a 

 psychic life fundamentally akin also; and this the more as com- 

 parative psychology advances. But though Descartes' extreme view 

 of our dog-friend as a mere automaton can hardly but suggest that 

 he can never have had one, we thus learn not to exaggerate its 

 humanity; yet also that much of our ordinary life is nearer the canine 

 level than older psychologists had realised. Our view of the animal, 

 with its bodily and mental life more closely in simple unison than 

 ours, and still more that of lower organisms, seems nearer being 



