TOWARDS A THEORY OF LIFE 1439 



sophers have been the most conscious, educationaUsts the most 

 clear-voiced, and the theologians, idealists and poets most widely 

 listened to. Thence returning to current biology, and with type- 

 illustration for that, it is plain enough that neither Lamarck, Neo- 

 Lamarckians, nor Bergsonians of to-day have ever thought of 

 ranging themselves under Luther's theology, of salvation by faith 

 freely open to all ; nor yet Weismann, Neo-Darwinians, and Eugen- 

 ists under Calvin's sterner view of fore-ordination. Yet each and all 

 of these doctrines is of life and its realisation; and it simply needs a 

 little reflection to see the essential correspondence of those above- 

 paired. And by help of their antithesis, is not a fresh and fuller syn- 

 thesis emerging; yet with counter-syntheses persistent, by turns the 

 bio-psychological, as more determinist, and the psycho-biological, 

 as more libertarian ? And with something of all this even in simpler 

 life than our own? Else how should it arise in us, had it nothing 

 to arise from ? 



SUMMARY AND APPLICATIONS.— What now are the results 

 from this Life-discussion so far? What uses of all this? Separately 

 its stages are clear and simply realised, even focussed to graphic 

 presentment. In every science empirical knowledge is valued for the 

 rational ideas it can yield; and these towards larger unities, into 

 which they can be co-ordinated. So when at the outset each of three 

 sciences — geography, economics, and anthropology — hitherto treated 

 apart,, and each by its own methods, even without adequate agree- 

 ment on these among its cultivators — are shown capable not only 

 of more orderly treatment, each in harmony with the neighbouring 

 studies, and all unified into social science and in full harmony with 

 evolutionary biology, this may fairly claim to be a definite advance. 

 Nor does this correlation end with these three concrete sub- 

 sciences of sociology, as this must claim them. First the elements 

 of psychology have been integi-ated with these, and they with it ; 

 with gain in clearness and fullness of each and all from this further 

 unity. Next from this elementary psychology, we have passed to 

 its deeper and wider fields; and these have been more clearly out- 

 lined accordingly. For in this cloister of the inward life, folk-feelings 

 are seen and felt as transmuted to social emotions and ideals. 

 Empiric work-experiences are clarified into ideas, and these organ- 

 ised into the rational sciences. These are advanced towards syn- 

 thesis; and next our external sense- and place-impressions yield 

 materials for creation of individual and collective imagery. In this 

 complex world of inward life, these three main elements, too often 

 separate, there as idealistic, here as scientific, or in others as imagin- 

 ative — are seen as normally uniting into a single chord of inner life, 

 and this harmonious to that simplest material life-activity with 

 which we started. Nor does this synthetic presentment end in the 



