APPENDICES 1451 



sitism, the many external linkages that have been established 

 operate against retrogression and often towards further advances. 

 Thus the Yucca moth and the Yucca flower are so adjusted together 

 that there is no room for freakish variations that would imperil 

 their successful inter-association. Furthermore, we must think of 

 Natural Selection as often sifting in relation to a very fine-meshed 

 sieve — the complex system of Animate Nature. 



With the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) the 

 evolution-idea of Animate Nature, suggested by many anticipators, 

 began to become widely current intellectual coin; the more since 

 then it was shown that the factors in the process, such as variation, 

 heredity, and selection, were amenable to scientific treatment. This 

 was the disclosure of a new world, for the realm of organisms was 

 henceforth to be envisaged as the outcome of a long evolution, 

 which, moreover, was still being continued. As Renan put it, the 

 contemplation of a state of Being was replaced by an inquiry into a 

 process of Becoming. And Hegel had discerned the like in his 

 abstractional way. 



We cannot conclude this merely illustrative survey without sug- 

 gesting that another great event in biology has been the gradual 

 recognition of the open secret that "mind" is a factor in the life of 

 organisms, and has been a factor in their evolution. The extreme 

 behaviourists deny that mind functions as an appreciable vera 

 causa, but there is strong analogical evidence that the animal often 

 acts on the strength of some psychical activity, such as is implied 

 in a memory or a mental image, a desire or a surge of emotion. We 

 get hints of this in the animal's search for suitable environments, 

 in some of its subtler life-saving devices, in persistent endeavour 

 towards a distant goal, in instances among higher animals of per- 

 ceptual purpose, in the training of the young, in the conventions 

 of animal societies, and in occasional cases of intelligent and sympa- 

 thetic co-operation with mail. Perhaps one may say that Lamarck 

 and Darwin, so different in detailed theory, were akin in their 

 rejection of an apsychic biology. 



