1470 LIFE : OUTLINES OF GENERAL BIOLOGY 



the hands of the teachers are too full. Keeping still to Zoology, it 

 is plain that every year in every college should see at least four 

 main courses going on. First there is the prolonged course, for those 

 who are going to be teachers or investigators in Zoology. This must 

 be comprehensive, introductory to all the various aspects of zoology, 

 and continued for several years. Secondly, there must be the intro- 

 ductory course for Medical Students, orientated with a view to their fj 

 subsequent medical studj^s, giving prominence to the Cell, the 

 Germ-Cells, the Early Stages of Development, Heredity, the 

 Principles of Morphology and Physiology, Parasites, and all that 

 sort of thing. This is naturally to a considerable extent a biological 

 course, but the medical orientation indicated is often conspicuous 

 by its absence, too much general Zoology being usually insisted on. 

 Thirdly, there should be a cultural course for "Arts" students, in 

 which the main emphasis should be on ecology, the old-fashioned 

 Natural History, in other words the study of habits and inter- 

 relations; and, of course, also on Evolution. Fourthly, in our judg- 

 ment, there should be a short course on the Principles of Biology, 

 with obvious, yet not stressed, applications to the problems of 

 human life. We submit several tentative programmes of courses: 



[a) ZOOLOGY 



A Course for Medical Students 

 About ICO Meetings, Lectures and Practical Work intermingled 



A. — General or Introductory Part. 



1. Introductory discussion of various problems of animal life, e.g. 

 different ways of moving, different ways of feeding, anirnal behaviour 

 at various grades, animal life throughout the year, animal life in 

 different haunts, interrelations of organisms- — to bring out what 

 organisms are, and what they busy themselves with, and how animals, 

 differ from plants. 



2. A bird's-eye view of the Animal Kingdom. The basis of classifica- 

 tion. "What is meant by species and varieties. The great lines of animal 

 evolution, e.g. Vertebrate, Arthropod, Annelid. 



3. Several illustrations of Protozoa, e.g. Amoeba, Paramopcium, 

 Malaria-organism, Sleeping-sickness organism. Other disease-causing 

 Protozoa and their vehicles. Detailed description of the Animal Cell and 

 Cell-division. 



4. A number of Invertebrate types selected to illustrate particular 

 points, e.g. the beginnings and evolution of tissues; the division of 

 labour in the body and the establishment of organs; the evolution of 

 the nervous system and the succession of steps in a reflex action; the 

 various ways of solving the same problem, e.g. respiration. 



5. Introductory study of early stages of development, e.g. in sea- 



