1472 LIFE : OUTLINES OF GENERAL BIOLOGY 



Unsegmented Worms, Earthworm and other Annelids, Starfish and 

 Sea-Urchin, Cra5^sh and other Crustaceans, Peripatus, Centipedes, 

 Millipedes, Insects, Spiders and other Arachnids, Snails and other 

 Molluscs, Primitive Vertebrates, Skate and other Fishes, Frog and 

 other Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. Special studies of 

 selected indigenous animals. 



2. The Problems which the Animal has to solve: Nutrition, Move- 

 ment, Self-preservation, Race-continuance, etc. Illustrations of the 

 variety of solutions. The everyday functions of the body — contractility, 

 irritability, digestion, circulation, respiration, excretion, integration — 

 Introduction to comparative physiology. The study of Animal 

 Behaviour. 



3. Introduction to the study of structure. The form of the body; 

 the organs; the tissues; the cells and their protoplasm. Some general 

 ideas of morphology illustrated, e.g. homology, differentiation, substi- 

 tution of organs. 



4. Introduction to the study of development. Early chapters in 

 development, e.g. of Sea-Urchin and Nematode. Types of embryos 

 and larvae. The recapitulation doctrine. Introduction to the study of 

 heredity. 



5. Interrelations of animals with one another and with plants. 

 Commensalism, symbiosis, other partnerships, social animals. 



6. The Haunts of Life and how animals are adapted to their peculi- 

 arities: littoral, pelagic, abyssal, freshwater, terrestrial, aerial. The 

 peopling of land and sea. Introduction to the study of the Past 

 (palaeontology). The factors in Evolution illustrated. 



7. The Biology of the Seasons. The life of animals considered in 

 relation to external periodicities. 



Practical Work: The macroscopic and microscopic study of a 

 series of types. 



(c) A SHORT NATURAL HISTORY COURSE FOR GENERAL 



STUDENTS 



Forty Meetings in all, with Demonstrations 



A. A General Survey of the Animal Kingdom. 



B. The problems that animals have to solve, such as nutrition, move- 

 ment, self-preservation, and race continuance. The everyday func- 

 tions of the body and the various forms of animal behaviour. 



C. The General Structure of a higher animal and the adaptation of its 

 parts for special uses. 



D. Different kinds of Life-Histories; introduction to the study of 

 Heredity. 



E. Interrelations of animals with one another and with plants. 



F. The life of animals throughout the year. 



G. The Haunts of Life; the Peopling of Land and Sea; the Evolution 

 of Animals. 



