494 DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 



URETAL CALCULI. 



These are stones which have passed from the pelvis of the 

 kidney into the ureter, and there, on account of their size, 

 have remained fixed. They are of still rarer occurrence than 

 the former. Chabert asserts that such, when they exist, may 

 be felt with the hand introduced into the rectum ; and that 

 we have nothing more to do than to cut through the gut and 

 ureter in order to extract, or, at all events, to dislodge them. 

 Supposing both ureters to be plugged in this manner, of 

 course there would be a complete suppression of urine. I 

 might lengthen this account with further suppositions without 

 affording much useful or practical information: it will be 

 better, perhaps, to acknowledge the case to be one of that 

 exceeding rarity that, practically, we know but little about it. 



N CYSTIC OR VESICAL CALCULI. 



Of these we find many cases standing on record, both in our 

 own veterinary annals and those of the Continent ; and we are 

 farther aided in our researches by an excellent little pamphlet 

 on the subject penned by the late distinguished professor of 

 the French school, M. Girard, as well as by a small work of 

 good service to veterinarians on the subject of ' Calculous 

 Concretions,^ by Professor Morton of the Royal Veterinary 

 College, who, at the commencement of his inquiry into 

 " urinary calculi,''^ makes the following sensible observa- 

 tion respecting the frequency of this occurrence among 

 horses : 



" Although I have questioned the frequency of the existence 

 of calculi in the lower animals as compared with man, I at 

 once express my firm conviction, that they are nevertheless 

 present in them more commonly than is thought; nor is this 

 to be wondered at, when the functional relationship which 

 exists between the kidneys and the skin is borne in mind, 

 coupled with the alterations in temperature, and many acci- 

 dental circumstances, such as injuries, &c., to which the horse 



