SYMPTOMS OF GLANDERS. 160 



nasal passages to that degree that the distressed animal, in the 

 last and worst stage of glanders, may hourly expect to end his life 

 of torment by an act of suffocation. I do not remember to have 

 seen holes made through the septum nasi by ulceration*; but in 

 such virulent forms of the disease as I have just described, it 

 is not uncommon to find the turbinated bones ulcerated through 

 into the nasal sinus ; and I have seen heads of glandered horses 

 that have been next to destitute, on one or both sides, of any tur- 

 binated bones, they having been consumed through the ravages ot 

 the ulcerative and exfoliating processes. 



Miliary Ulceration : — So is called an ulceration of the same 

 membrane, differing altogether in its aspect and tendency from the 

 true chancrous ulceration we have just been considering. With 

 the miliary ulceration upon it, the surface of the membrane has 

 the appearance — as nearly as I can describe it — of worm-eaten 

 wood, every part of it appearing as though full of pin-holes. This 

 ulceration is not seen in acute glanders, at least I never saw it ; 

 nor is it often found in the sub-acute disease ; but is peculiar, I may 

 I think say, to chronic glanders. 



DuPUYt, who has well described this species of glanders, cha- 

 racterizes these "little ulcerations" as the result of the "degene- 

 ration" of miliary tubercles ; and represents them, truly, as having 

 ''thin edges, unevenly excavated, like pin-holes; with this differ- 

 ence, however, that the hole made by a pin would be deep and 

 pointed, whereas these ulcerations are shallow and have tliin 

 edges. They are commonly regarded as erosions, sometimes mis- 

 taken for the dilated orifices of mucous follicles ; though, if they 

 be examined after the mucus in which they are sheathed has been 

 removed, and the membrane has b6en cleansed with water, they 

 will be found to be so many little ulcerations. The membrane of 

 the septum is frequently covered with these exulcerations, with 

 its surface, in places, elevated. They are, however, superficial, 

 penetrating merely through some thin layers of the cellular tissue 

 of the membrane, thereby rendering its surface irregular, uneven, 

 and scabrous. They follow the course of the large veins upon the 



* This may arise from a process of deposition upon the opposite side. 

 I De L'ArrECTiOK Tur.ERCxjLEUSE. Paris. lsi7. 



