xvi Synopsis of Chapters. 



view of Lancashire and other northern counties — ^The industrial 

 districts — The fen country and the East Anglian sheep-walks 

 — The architecture of country mansions — The Renaissance and 

 Gothic styles contrasted — Celebrated Tudor architects and their 

 chief works — The manor gardens — Their fruits, flowers, and 

 vegetables— Gerarde's Herbal — Sanitary arrangements in the 

 homes of the Tudor yeomanry — Disgraceful state of floors and 

 streets — A Tudor village — A copyholder's home and a Tudor 

 surveyor's plan — The foreigner's impression of English domes- 

 ticlife 299 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



ESTATE ECOXOllY. 



Sixteenth centurj' agricultural authors, 'Barnaby Googe, and Sir A. 

 Fitzherbert — The supervisor or land steward and tlie butler or 

 house steward of the manorial establishment — The increased 

 importance of the better classes of manorial husbandmen — The 

 businesslike and prosaic habits of the new seignorial blood im- 

 ported from the towns — Its want of touch with feudal traditions 

 — Its ideas, having a commercial bent, rebel against the incon- 

 gruity of pepper-corn rents, widows' free bench, etc. — The firmer 

 hold of the farmer on the land, and the fresh owner's comniercial 

 instinct together cause increased litigation — -The qualifications 

 necessary for a Tudor land agent — A flood of fresh agricultural 

 knowledge infused into the Landed Interest \)\ the fresh 

 seignorial blood — The Flemings and their advanced science — 

 Comparison of the Tudor villeinage with the mediceval — The 

 agricultural economy of this new period — Its communal polity 

 still apparent — The first attempts to introduce the enclosure 

 S3'stem — Ket's rebellion and the German insurrection — Tlie 

 agriculttiral pioneei-s of the period discuss the subject in their 

 writings — Fitzherbert argues in favour, andSpriggs against the 

 system — Legislative restrictions on a free system of husbandry 

 ■ — The laying down of land to pasture stopped by the State — A 

 scarcity of corn is avoided, and the restrictions on its ex[iorta- 

 tion graduallj^ reduced to a minimum — The average prices of 

 IGth century wheat — The condition of farm rents, and agricul- 

 tural depression illusti'ated from a sermon of Latimer's — W. S. 

 Gentleman's ti-eatise on farming in 1681 proves the success of 

 the enclosure system — A sixteenth century Small Holdings Act 

 — The poverty of the rural labourer — The average yield of corn 

 crops during this period — The Tudor farmer's food — Irregular 

 rustic industries — The discouragement by the State of rural 

 cloth manufacture, and its encouragement of a native linen 

 industry 312 



ClLiPTER XXIV. 



A SIXTEENTII-CENTUUY FARM. 



Lancashire farming — A Norfolk farmer's dailj^ life — The Gregorian 

 Calendar, not having been as yet introduced, the dates refer to 

 the Julian Calendar — Time of entr^' on a Norfolk farm — The 

 tenant right — List of farm implements — Autumn operations of 

 husbandry — The cultivation of winter wheat — The fruit harvest 

 — Shake time — The winter life — Fodder supply for the live 

 stock — The hardships of existence increase as winter becomes 



