Synopsis of Chapters. xiil 



CHAPTER XIV. 



ESTATE MANAGEMENT. 



PAGE 



The 13th century parish — Its manor house and people — Estate 

 management — Labour regulations — Pictvire of the manor on 

 Lammas Day — The harvest — Hawking — Pasturage and servile 

 crops — A north country scene on church lands — The seneschal, 

 bailiff, provost, hayward, cowman, shepherd, waggoner, scribe, 

 auditor, and their several duties as manorial ministeriales. . 196 



CHAPTER XV. 



LIFE AND WORK ON THE BARONY. 



Internal economy of the castle — The mid-day meal — A baronial lord's 

 life on his estate — ^The agricultural economy on the land in 

 villeinage — The life of the peasantry — The Manor of Cuxham 

 taken as an example — The system of cropping — Prices of lius- 

 bandry operations — Crude ideas of the period on scientific farm- 

 ing — The management of the live stock — A scene out of the 

 Vision of Piers Plowman 209 



CHAPTER XVI. 



THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LANDLORD INTO LANDOWNER. 



Cessation of a national predilection for warfare, and the new views 

 regai-ding landed proprietorship — The ownership of minerals, 

 and the extent to which mining operations had now attained — 

 The coal, iron, and tin industries — Rights of the Stannary 

 Covirts illustrated by reference to ancient charters — -Wise views 

 of Norman landlords with regard to popular claims — Inter- 

 seignorial contest over the lord's waste — The Statutes of Quo 

 Warranto, Merton and II. Westminster — Their results on the 

 people's waste — The views of the Norman lawyers, and their 

 erroneous theories exposed — The seignorial class ignore legal 

 theories and adopt a compromise with the manorial communi- 

 ties — Revolution in the agricultural system caused by money 

 commutation of predial service — -The growth of free-holding 

 husbandry — The various grades of the peasantry illustrated by 

 a reference to an early inquisition — Brief sketch of the various 

 weekly and boon services — The change from service to rent de- 

 monstrated by an examination of the fresh nomenclature in 

 later medieval records of manorial customs — The severance of 

 the interests known as capital and labour — Its effects on the 

 national statute book — Protectionist legislation against free 

 barter and labour — Severe measures adopted against all classes 

 of the national labour 224 



CHAPTER XVII. 



THE DISPOSAL OF FARM PRODUCE IN MARKETS AND FAIRS. 



The Independence of the manor during the period of predial service 

 contrasted with the growing wants for outside assistance 

 brought about by a money commutation — The severe fiscal de- 

 mands of markets and fairs — Pontage, passage, piccage, lastage 

 and stallage dues — The origin of the fair and market, and their 

 distinctions — Legislation regulating both examined — The sub- 

 stitutes for public commercial resoi'ts — The common carrier and 



