Alterations in the Temire of Land. 219 



Record Office, and brought into notice by Vinogradoff, shows 

 some of the most important distinctions at that age ^ : — 



Liberi tenentes per cartam 

 Liberi tenentes qui vocantur fresokemen 

 Sokemanni qui vocantur molmen 

 Custumarii qui vocantur werkemen 

 Consuetudinarii tenentes 4 acras terras 

 Consuetudinarii tenentes 2 acras terrte. 



By the chartered freeholders of this list we may ^^nderstand 

 tenants liberated from all predial service, both weekly and 

 precarial; by free socmen those coliberti whose partial en- 

 franchisement we have noticed earlier in this book. The 

 molmen differed from the workmen in that the former paid 

 partly in money, and the latter only performed labour for their 

 holdings. The introduction of these gavelmanni or money- 

 paying -tenants of the manor is notified in the Court Rolls of 

 the period by a double register of both the earlier services 

 and the later substituted rents, under the respective terms of 

 old and new assize.^ 



It would take up too much space to describe in detail the 

 various duties and privileges which had gradually grown up 

 out of the remuneration of popular labour by seignorial food 

 and support. The carriage performed for the lord, such as 

 firewood for the manorial kitchen, corn for market, grain and 

 dung for the demesne lands, the driving of geese to the annual 

 fair, all duties comprised under the term "averagium," brought 

 with them their special remuneration in food, lands, and other 

 privileges. Thus the carters of the seignorial produce had 

 their grants of tenements called averlands and lodlands, 

 labourers with the scythe those of serlands, leaders of the 

 plough those of akermanlands, and caterers of dairy produce 

 for the consumption of the manorial household those of cheese- 

 land. Every villein had to perform the gafol earth or plough 

 work on the lord's lands, for which he obtained a share of the 

 produce according to the size of his holding. The so-called 

 precarial services, such as Lenten earth or extra ploughing 



' Vinogradoff, Villeinage in England, cTiap. vi., p. 186. 

 " Ashlej', Economic History. Note 83, cbap. i. 



