36 THE ART OF 



different effects of the reins of a bridle, will 

 work without rules, and without principles. 



The appeal to the tongue, or speaking to 

 the horse, which every person knows awakens 

 his attention, animates him, and renders him 

 attentive to the other helps, and to the chas- 

 tisements which follow them, if he does not 

 answer to them, but you must not speak too 

 strongly nor too frequently. It is a shocking 

 impoliteness to speak to a horse in the pre- 

 sence of a person on horseback, when you 

 are yourself on foot. 



The riding whip is, according to the oc- 

 currence, a help or a chastisement ; it is a 

 help when you make it whistle in your hand 

 to animate the horse, when you make him 

 lightly feel the point of it on the shoulder to 

 make him lift up ; upon the crouper to awaken 

 the movements of this part, etc. In the 

 manege, the whip is carried on the side oppo- 

 site to that on which you conduct your horse, 

 because you should never use it but to animate 

 the outside parts. You must also hold it so 

 as not to touch the horse without necessity. 

 The rider draws five particular helps from 

 the movement of the legs : the pressure of 

 the thighs, of the knees, and of the hams, 



