232 THE MODERN HORSE DOCTOR. 



wound the mucous membrane on the inside of the cheek. In such 

 cases we notice an increased flow of saliva, imperfect mastica- 

 tion, and loss of flesh. The remedy is a mouth rasp. 



BISHOPING. 



Bishoping consists in making artificial marks on horses' teeth, 

 to give them the appearance of youth. It is a species of im- 

 position so reprehensible that all honest horse dealers have set 

 their faces against it, and we are not aware that it is to any ex- 

 tent practised here. Mr. Youatt says, " It is called bishoping 

 from the name of the scoundrel who invented it. The horse of 

 eight or nine years old is cast, and, with an engraver's tool, a hole 

 is dug in the now almost smooth surface of the corner teeth, and 

 in shape and depth resembling the mark in a seven-year old 

 horse. The hole is then burnt with a heated iron, and a perma- 

 nent black stain is left ; the next pair of nippers are sometimes 

 lightly touched, to imitate the brown color of the natural mark." 

 However dexterously the operation may be performed, the fraud 

 is easily discovered by those who are in the habit of examining 

 teeth. If the horse is aged, it may be known by the general 

 appearance ; such as gray hairs, sunken eyes, deep hollows above 

 them. The bones are prominent ; lips flabby ; and the nippers 

 of the lower jaw, instead of appearing angular, approach, as the 

 animal advances in years, to the horizontal. 



LAMENESS PROM STRAIN AND OTHER CAUSES. 



OBSERVATIONS ON LAMENESS. 



The principal difficulty surgeons meet with in the treatment 

 of lameness is, that their services are not called into requisition 

 in the first instance, — so soon as the trouble is discovered, — 

 some owners thinking that the lameness is too slight to lay the 

 animal up, and therefore they work him, hoping it will pass off; 



