7б ' ОМ MANI PADMI НОМ: 



US that it contained the whole mysticism of their 

 rehgion, and was inscribed not only on the temples, 

 but on other buildings. Besides the usual temples ^ 

 in those localities far removed from them, dugiini, i.e. 

 oratories, are arranged in the huts. Lastly, on the 

 passes and high mountains large heaps of stones, 

 called obo, are piled up in honour of the guardian 

 spirits. These * obo ' are held in superstitious reve- 

 rence, and a Mongol never passes one without adding 

 a stone, rag, or tuft of camels' hair, as an offering. In 

 summer religious services are held at them, and the 

 people meet here on holidays. 



The Dalai Lama of Tibet, residing at Lhassa, is 

 the head of the whole Buddhist hierarchy, and sove- 

 reign of Tibet, acknowledging fealty, however, to 

 China ; but this submission is merely nominal, and 

 is only outwardly shown by gifts sent three times a 

 year to the Emperor,^ 



Equal to the Dalai Lama in sanctity, but not in po- 

 litical importance, is another Tibetan saint, Pan-tsm- 

 Erdeni]^ the third and last personage in Buddhism 

 is the KutukhtiL of Urga. Next in rank come the 

 remaining Kutukhtus or Gigens, who live at the 

 different temples dispersed throughout Mongolia or 



ence to their meaning, he quotes Koeppen's remarks in the ' Lamaische 

 Hierarchic und Kirche,' p. 59, which are most striking. See 'The 

 Abode of Snow,' by Andrew Wilson. Blackwood, London, 1875. pp. 

 329-332. — M. (See Supplementary Note.) 



' Called in Mongolia sumo, less frequently kit or datsan. 



^ The Chinese Government maintains a division of troops and an 

 envoy plenipotentiary at Lhassa [which seems somewhat inconsistent 

 with merely ' nominal ' subjection. — Y.] 



' See p. II, supra. — Y. 



