90 BIRDS OF THE UPPER ZONES. 



mergeler [Gypactos darbaizts), the latter an inhabitant 

 of Europe, the two former exclusively belonging to 

 Asia. The Snow-Vulture is an immense tawny- 

 coloured bird, measuring ten feet between the tips 

 of the wings. These are the chief representatives 

 of the birds of prey. 



Among the Scansores (climbers) no very remark- 

 able kinds can be mentioned. Swifts {Cypselus 

 leucopyga) build their nests in the rocks below ; 

 cuckoos {CnciLlus sp.) and Avoodpeckers {Picus sp. 

 Picus Martins) are heard in the woods ; but the 

 Japanese goatsucker (Caprimulgus yotacd), so com- 

 mon in Eastern Asia, is not met with west of the 

 Munni-ula. 



We now come to the most numerous class, viz. 

 the Warblers, comprising the large white-headed 

 redstart [Phcsnicm'a leu со сер halo), only seen on the 

 banks of streams in company with the active dip- 

 per {Cinclics Kashmirensis), the Kamchatka ruby- 

 throat {Calliope Kanitschatkensis)^ the small yellow- 

 breasted bullfinch {Pyj'rlLula sp.), scarlet bullfinch 

 {PyrrJmla erythi'ina), the rose-finch {Carpodacus s^g.), 

 the tiny wren [Troglodytes Nipalensis\ several kinds 

 of Phyllop7ieuste, and the blue magpie {Pica cyana). 

 The Pterorhinus Davidii and Trochalopteron sp., 

 nearly allied to the thrush family, sing very sweetly 

 on the banks of the streams. 



Three kinds of thrush (two I believe to be new 

 species) inhabit the tall forests, all excellent songsters ; 

 here, too, we saw four kinds of titmouse {Parus sp.) 

 hedge-sparrow {Accentor 7iiultistriatiis\ and great 



