ANIMAL BEHAVIOR. 329 



2. The primary roots of instincts reach back to the consti- 

 tutional properties of protoplasm, and their evolution runs, in 

 general, parallel with organogeny. As the genesis of organs 

 takes its departure from the elementary structure of protoplasm, 

 so does the genesis of instincts proceed from the fundamental 

 functions of protoplasm. Primordial organs and instincts are 

 alike few in number and generally persistent. As an instinct 

 may sometimes run through a whole group of organisms with 

 little or no modification, so may an organ sometimes be carried 

 on through one or more phyla without undergoing much 

 change. The dermal sensillse of annelids and aquatic verte- 

 brates are an example. 



3. Remembering that structural bases are relatively few 

 and permanent as compared with external morphological char- 

 acters, we can readily understand why, for example, five hun- 

 dred different species of wild pigeons should all have a few 

 common undifferentiated instincts, such as, drinking without 

 raising the head, the cock's time of incubating from about 

 10 A.M. to about 4 P.M., etc. 



4. Although instincts, like corporeal structures, may be said 

 to have a phylogeny, their manifestation depends upon differ- 

 entiated organs. We could not, therefore, expect to see phyletic 

 stages repeated in direct ontogenetic development, as are the 

 more fundamental morphological features, according to the 

 biogenetic law. The main reliance in getting at the phyletic 

 history must be comparative study. 



5. Instinct precedes intelligence both in ontogeny and phy- 

 logeny, and it has furnished all the structural foundations 

 employed by intelligence. In social development also instinct 

 predominates in the earlier, intelligence in the later stages. 



6. Since instinct supplied at least the earlier rudiments of 

 brain and nerve, since instinct and mind work with the same 

 mechanisms and in the same channels, and since instinctive 

 action is gradually superseded by intelligent action, we are 

 compelled to regard instinct as the actual germ of mind. 



7. The automatism, into which habit and intelligence may 

 lapse, seems explicable, in a general way, as due more to the 

 preorganization of instinct than to mechanical repetition. The 



